Author
Section 58 IPA states that the specific situation of vulnerable persons shall be taken into account when applying Sections 53 to 57 of the International Protection Act. Sections 53 to 57 relate to the rights granted to beneficiaries of international protection including a travel document, family reunification, the issuing of permission to reside in the State and other rights. In effect, therefore, the requirements of Section 57 only relate to persons who are granted refugee status or subsidiary protection, not persons applying for international protection. It remains to be seen how this will be implemented in practice, including whether these provisions may be applied to persons in the status determination process. Anecdotal information indicates that Section 58 has been applied successfully in the case of a minor who aged-out while awaiting a decision on his asylum case, thereby rendering him an adult for the purposes of the new Family Reunification provisions contained in Section 56 IPA. By reference to Section 58, the applicant could be considered vulnerable for the purposes of benefitting from the more favourable family reunification provisions for minors.
Adequate support during the interview
Section 28(4)(c) IPA states that the protection decision-maker shall take into account, inter alia, the individual position and personal circumstances of the protection applicant, including factors such as background, gender and age, so as to assess whether, on the basis of the applicant’s personal circumstances, the acts, to which the applicant has been or could be exposed, would amount to persecution or serious harm. The High Court has indicated that a decision maker’s failure to have regard to such individual circumstances may amount to an error of law. In a case in 2013 the High Court quashed a decision of the Department of Justice which refused to grant a national of the Democratic Republic of Congo subsidiary protection on the grounds that, inter alia, the decision maker had failed to adequately consider the individual position and circumstances of the applicant.[1] Similar findings were made in a case involving a Bangladeshi national.[2]
Further, Section 35 IPA requires that persons conducting the personal interviews “are sufficiently competent to take account of the personal or general circumstances surrounding the application, including the applicant’s cultural origin or vulnerability.” There is no publicly available policy reflecting this position and in the experience of the Irish Refugee Council, provisions are made for applicants with special needs on an ad hoc basis and usually subject to intervention from legal representatives or other support workers.[3]
The IPO does not have specialised units or officers dealing with claims by vulnerable groups. However, a group of Panel Members have received specialised training, based on a module developed by UNHCR, on cases involving unaccompanied children. Only officials who have conducted this training can interview unaccompanied children. It is not known how many panel members have undergone this specialised training. The IPO has also issued guidelines on best practices for reporting cases of potential or actual child abuse or neglect (‘Children First Guidelines’) to its staff.[4]
Insofar as minor children are concerned, whereby a Panel Member conducting a personal interview consider it necessary, they can interview accompanied children included in a family application.[5] However, in general, only children above the age of 16 are interviewed. This is determined on a case-by-case basis.[6]
Whereby it is determined that a child ought to be interviewed, the International Protection Office may implement a number of safeguards, including the use of specialist staff trained to interview children, adapting language to the age and maturity of the child, and ensuring that the interview is conducted in the presence of the child’s parents or guardian, while also ensuring confidentiality of the information shared. Additionally, child-friendly information is provided on the international protection procedure and the purpose of the personal interview, and the child is given the opportunity to indicate the preferred gender of both the interviewing Panel Member and interpreter.[7]
UNHCR conducts several general training sessions for new staff per year and as requested by the relevant authority. UNHCR also holds information sessions and lectures on topics such as the submission of international protection applications, information sessions for newly arrived asylum seekers and the role of the UNHCR in the international protection process.
Other NGOs, such as Spiritan Asylum Services Initiative (Spirasi) also provide training on working with victims of torture. Such training is however conducted on an ad-hoc basis upon request. In 2020, Spirasi conducted two training sessions, one session related to the new model for asylum accommodation, while the other related to resettlement support. Spirasi is also involved in training for the refugee resettlement programme, through which the majority of their training requests come through. Throughout 2021, Spirasi conducted nine training sessions on varying topics related to working with victims of torture.[8] Data in respect of trainings conducted by Spirasi in 2022 and 2023 was not available at the time of updating.
The Irish Refugee Council provides dedicated early legal advice to applicants who are deemed vulnerable or in particular need on a case-by-case basis and subject to organisational capacity at the time.[9]
It should be noted that Ireland has opted in to the first iteration of the Asylum Procedures Directive, which requires that officials carrying out the personal interview of the applicant be suitably ‘competent to take account of the personal or general circumstances surrounding the application, including the applicant’s cultural origin or vulnerability.’[10] Besides general training received by all IPO staff, there is no specific reference to vulnerability identification in the IPA and, in practice, there does not seem to be a systematic approach to identification or addressing the needs of vulnerable persons in advance of the substantive interview. As mentioned above, despite being Irish law since July 2018, there had been no vulnerability assessments as required by the reception conditions directive as of December 2020. However, at the end of January 2021, a pilot project to assess the vulnerability of asylum seekers was established at Balseskin reception centre in Dublin. Officials from the International Protection Accommodation Service (IPAS) are carrying out assessments with the assistance of a social worker from the IPO. For the period from 1st February 2021 to 1st November 2023, 4,050 vulnerability assessments have been undertaken.[11]
On the 8th of March 2024, IPAS announced that the pilot scheme would be suspended until further notice, citing ongoing demands on the Resident Welfare Team’s service due to the increased numbers of arrivals of protection applicants in the State as well as constraints on available accommodation across the IPAS portfolio. It was not clear at the time of updating when, or indeed if, assessments would resume.[12]
Prioritisation and exemption from special procedures
Accelerated procedures do not apply to unaccompanied children but their applications may be prioritised by the IPO. Section 73 IPA grants the Minister power to ‘accord priority to any application’ or request the International Protection Appeals Tribunal Chairperson to prioritise any appeal, having regard to inter alia ‘whether the applicant is a person in respect of whom the Child and Family Agency is providing care and protection.[13]
In accordance with Section 73 IPA, the IPO (in consultation with UNHCR Ireland), issued a statement setting out prioritisation procedures for scheduling the substantive interviews of certain categories of applicant in February 2017, which remains in effect as of January 2023.[14] Under this note, when considering whether to prioritise an application, the IPO may have regard to certain categories of vulnerable applicants with respect to: the age of the applicant (specifically unaccompanied children in the care of Tusla; applicants who applied as unaccompanied children, but who have now aged out; applicants over 70 years of age, who are not part of a family group) and applicants with serious health grounds requiring prioritisation (specifically, applicants who notify the IPO after the commencement date that evidence has been submitted, certified by a medical consultant, of an ongoing severe/life threatening medical condition will be prioritised). Given that there is no formal vulnerability identification mechanism at any stage in the applicant process, the onus will be on the applicant and/or their representative to request prioritisation.
[1] High Court, E. D-N, L. D. S v Minister for Justice and Equality [2013] IEHC 447, Judgment of 20 September 2013.
[2] High Court, Barua v Minister for Justice and Equality [2012] IEHC 456, Judgment of 9 November 2012.
[3] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council, January 2024.
[4] Information provided by IPO, August 2017.
[5] European Migration Network, ‘Accompanied children’s right to be heard in international protection procedures’ April 2023, available at:
[6] ibid.
[7] ibid.
[8] Information provided by Spirasi, February 2022.
[9] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council Information and Advocacy Service, January 2024.
[10] Article 13(3)(a) recast Asylum Procedures Directive.
[11] Information provided by IPAS, December 2022.
[12] Information provided by IPAS, March 2024.
[13] Section 73(2)(i) IPA.
[14] IPO and UNHCR, Prioritisation of Applications for International Protection under the International Protection Act 2015, 27 February 2017, available at: http://bit.ly/2m1Plbi.