Author
The right to apply for asylum is contained in Section 15 IPA. When a person presents themselves either at the IPO or at the frontiers of the State seeking international protection, they shall go through a preliminary interview at a time specified by an immigration officer or an international protection officer. That time limit is not, however, specified in the IPA.
In the case of families applying for international protection, all adult family members must make their own applications. An adult who applies for protection is deemed to be applying on behalf of their dependent children where the child is not an Irish citizen and is under the age of 18 years and present in the State or is born in the State while the person is in the protection procedure or, not having attained the age of 18 years, enters the State while the parent is still in the protection procedure. There is no separate right for accompanied children to apply for asylum independently even if they have different protection grounds to their parents.
As of 8 October 2025, applications for international protection were processed at two separate locations. Families with one or more children under the age of 18 who were submitting a joint application on the same day, as well as nationals of Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Egypt, Georgia, India, Kosovo, Malawi, Montenegro, Morocco, North Macedonia, Serbia, and South Africa, were required to submit their applications at the Citywest Convention Centre, located in the south-west suburbs of Dublin. All other applicants, including single applicants and unaccompanied minors, were required to submit their applications at the International Protection Office (IPO) in Dublin city centre.[1]
Changes to the international protection application procedure were initially introduced in summer 2025, when the IPO first implemented the Pact Transition process in respect of applications from nationals of Georgia, India, and Brazil. This process was subsequently expanded to include nationals of the aforementioned countries. Applications from these nationalities were processed in a manner intended to mirror the border procedure that is scheduled to come into effect with the implementation of the Pact in June 2026. The transition is being carried out under the current legislative framework and therefore does not include certain elements envisaged under the Pact, such as restrictions on movement or the establishment of an independent rights monitoring mechanism. These measures will be introduced once the new legislation enters into force.[2]
Preliminary Interview
Once an applicant presents to the IPO, the applicant makes a formal declaration that they wish to apply for international protection, outlined under Section 13 IPA. The applicant is interviewed by an authorised officer of the IPO to establish basic information. The preliminary interview takes place in a room where other applicants are waiting and being interviewed and is conducted by an official who sits behind a screen. If necessary and possible, an interpreter may be made available. Interpreters are provided by the IPO and typically must be requested in advance. Whereby an applicant presents without having requested an interpreter and an interpreter is not available, it is usually the case that the applicant’s basic details are taken by the IPO and they are then called back at a later stage once an interpreter can be arranged.
The information provided by the applicant at this interview is inserted into a standard form entitled ‘IPF1’ by the IPO officer. The IPF1 contains the applicant’s biographical data, including their name, address and nationality, as well as the route travelled to Ireland and a brief summary of their asylum claim. The contents of the form are read back to the applicant, who is then required to sign it, and a copy is provided to them.
The purpose of this initial interview is to establish the applicant’s identity; country of origin; nationality; details of the journey taken to Ireland, including countries passed through in which there was an opportunity to claim asylum as well as any assistance obtained over the journey and the details of any person who assisted the applicant in travelling to the State; the method and route of entry into the state (legally or otherwise); brief details of why the applicant wishes to claim asylum; their preferred language; and whether the application could be deemed inadmissible under Section 21 IPA (see Admissibility).
This interview usually takes place on the day that the person attends the IPO.
As of January 2024, applicants were facilitated in registering their application and undergoing their preliminary interview on the same day.[3] From July 2024, following the introduction of the online application registration system, applicants were no longer required to undertake a separate preliminary interview. Rather, information previously obtained by the Immigration Officer conducting the preliminary interview is now captured via the questionnaire.[4] for the purposes of Article 6 of the Directive 2013/32 Common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast).
The applicant is required to be photographed and fingerprinted. If the applicant refuses to be fingerprinted, they may be deemed not to have made a reasonable effort to establish their true identity and to have failed to cooperate. If an applicant is deemed to have failed to cooperate with the international protection process, in accordance with s.38 of the IPA 2015, the Minister for Justice shall send a written notice to the applicant and their legal representative, if known, of their opinion that the applicant has failed to cooperate. The Minister will invite the applicant to furnish, within 10 working days of the notice, their observations on the Minister’s opinion. The Minister will also require the applicant to confirm in writing within 10 days of the notice that they wish to continue with their application for international protection, while also reminding the applicant of their duty to cooperate. Where the applicant fails to submit their written observations, or whereby, having considered the applicant’s written observations, the Minister believes that the applicant remains in default of co-operation, the application can be considered based only on the information provided by the applicant prior to the written notice being issued by the Minister.[5]
The information taken at the screening interview enables the IPO to ascertain if the person applying for asylum has submitted an application for asylum in, or travelled through, another EU country by making enquiries through Eurodac which will assist in determining if the Dublin III Regulation is applicable or not.
Application for International Protection Questionnaire
In accordance with the revised international protection procedure, pursuant to the European Communities (International Protection Procedures) Regulations 2022, an applicant attending at the International Protection Office in order to make an application for international protection is required to complete their international protection questionnaire onsite at the IPO following the conclusion of their preliminary interview.[6] The international protection questionnaire has been reduced significantly to just 24 questions in order to enable applicants to complete the questionnaire at the time of making their application. The revised questionnaire is considerably shorter than its predecessors at just 19 pages long and comprised of 11 sections. The questionnaire is available in English only and must be completed by the applicant in English. Whereby the applicant is unable to speak English, they must seek the assistance of a Cultural Mediator to complete the questionnaire.[7]
Section 1 gathers the principal applicant’s basic biographical details (full name, identification numbers, address, former addresses).
Section 2 requests information pertaining to the applicant’s family, specifically their spouse/civil partner.
Section 3 collects information on the applicant’s education and employment history, including formal education/training and employment/self-employment.
Section 4 focuses on the basis of the claim for protection, allowing space for the applicant’s personal testimony; questions on any grounds for both refugee status and subsidiary protection, the applicant’s fears if returned, as well as reasons why their dependants fear persecution.
Section 5 focuses on state protection and asks whether the applicant reported what happened to them in their country of origin, seeks details on the applicant’s criminal record as well as information regarding whether the applicant or their dependants have ever been issued with a passport.
Section 6 deals with permission to remain. In the event that the applicant should be refused both refugee status and subsidiary protection, the minister will consider the person’s personal circumstances in order to determine whether they may be permitted leave to remain on the basis of humanitarian considerations. The applicant is encouraged to notify the IPO of any new information or circumstances pertaining to permission to remain at any stage they might arise in the process, including following an appeal at the IPAT, which adds an extra degree of responsibility upon the applicant. It is important to note that under S.I. 664/2016 International Protection Act (Permission to remain) Regulations 2016 an applicant only has a five-day period to provide a further submission on permission to remain after the IPAT decision.
Section 7 requires information as to any serious medical conditions the applicant or their dependants or both, have, as well as any documentary evidence of same.
Section 8 of the questionnaire contains information relating to the s.35 interview and asks the applicant about any special requirements they might have for the duration of the interview. It also requests that the applicant provide all available supporting documentation that may be relevant to their claim for both international protection and permission to remain in the State.
Sections 9-11 of the questionnaire ask for information about the completion of the questionnaire, including details of the applicant’s legal representative, if applicable.
Previously, the applicant received a more in-depth questionnaire, comprised of 34 questions, in their preferred language, which had to be completed by the applicant and returned within 20 working days.
According to the IPO, the rationale for the current procedure is to ensure that international protection applications, particularly those from safe countries of origin, are dealt with in a timelier manner so as to increase processing capacity and reduce delays.[8] However, the Irish Refugee Council has written to the Minister for Justice, addressing numerous significant concerns in relation to the appropriateness of the revised procedure. Such concerns relate particularly to applicants who may have had traumatic experiences prior to their arrival in the state. These applicants are required to complete and submit their questionnaire in an open-plan waiting area at the IPO, an environment which is often extremely busy, noisy and tense. This raises significant concern in relation to the applicant’s privacy and personal data protection. Moreover, it is an extremely inappropriate physical space for applicants to complete such a significant document and gives rise to a risk of re-traumatisation insofar as particularly vulnerable applicants are concerned. Additionally, the revised process completely removes the applicant’s practical access to legal advice prior to the submission of their international protection questionnaire. Unless an applicant is accompanied to the IPO by a lawyer when making their application, they do not have the benefit of legal advice in advance of submitting their international protection questionnaire, a document upon which significant reliance is placed in the applicant’s substantive interview.
Translation services are available to assist applicants in the completion of their questionnaire,[9] however, it is not clear what exactly the role of the Cultural Mediator involves or the extent of the assistance they can be provide to applicants in the completion of their questionnaire. Having accompanied clients to apply for international protection on several occasions following the establishment of the revised procedure, in the Irish Refugee Council’s experience, Cultural Mediators have not been present to assist applicants in the completion of their questionnaires, while the standard of translation services provided has been unsatisfactory given the importance of the questionnaire in the overall application process.[10] In response, the International Protection Office notes:
Both cultural mediators and interpreters support applicants in making their initial application and at their personal interview. Their role is to assist and support the applicant in the international protection process in a language that they are reasonably expected to understand. Any concerns raised about the quality of interpretation services are brought to the attention of the relevant service provider. In addition, there are arrangements in place for interviewers to provide feedback on interpreters, and this is taken into account by the IPO.[11]
Following submission of their international protection application, applicants are directed to the international protection unit within the Legal Aid Board for free legal assistance and support completing the questionnaire once they have entered the international protection process. However, the Irish Refugee Council assisted a number of people who had registered with the Legal Aid Board and had been told to complete the questionnaire by themselves due to a general lack of capacity within the Legal Aid Board or a lack of capacity within the solicitors on the Legal Aid Board panel. Anecdotal reports show that the level of funding provided to the panel is insufficient to cover the number of hours required to give comprehensive representation.[12]
Throughout 2025, the Irish Refugee Council Independent Law Centre provided ongoing legal representation to 358 individuals. 176 new files were opened, and legal representation was provided in many pre-existing matters including representation before the Court of Justice of the European Union in respect of a client who experienced homelessness. Representation was provided to 74 age-disputed minors in both age assessments and international protection. Many children were taken into the care of the State following intervention and some decisions were challenged by way of judicial review. Support was provided with respect to family reunification, many of which incurred very significant delays. Advocacy was provided in respect of 5 reception conditions cases, including the first ever appeal of withdrawal of reception conditions instigated before the International Protection Appeals Tribunal, resulting in the withdrawal of the decision and the introduction of procedures around withdrawal of reception conditions.[13]
Upon registering and lodging their claim, the applicant is issued a Temporary Residence Certificate, which comes in the form of a plastic card and is referred to the International Protection Accommodation Services (IPAS).
Prior to the establishment of the Citywest Reception Hub in 2022, if the applicant required accommodation, they would usually be taken to Balseskin Reception Centre in Dublin (near Dublin airport), where the applicant could then avail themselves of voluntary medical screening and counselling. However, due to a very significant lack of capacity in the Direct Provision system, all applicants are instead brought Citywest Transit Hub, located on the outskirts of Dublin. Owing to limited bed capacity, many international protection applicants were forced to sleep on the floor of the Convention centre or on chairs for periods of up to 6 weeks while awaiting transfer to more permanent accommodation.[14] Many applicants residing at Citywest have reported sub-standard, overcrowded living conditions, as well as significant child protection concerns, posing a risk to the personal safety, health and wellbeing of adults and children living at the facility.[15]
Applicants may also make their own arrangements for accommodation if they have the financial resources to do so, however it is crucial that they keep the IPO apprised of their address as any correspondence in relation to their claim will be sent to that location.
[1] International Protection Office, ‘What’s New’, 4th December 2025, available here.
[2] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council Policy Officer, November 2025.
[3] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council Information and Advocacy Service, January 2024.
[4] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council Independent Law Centre, January 2025.
[5] Section 38, IPA 2015.
[6] ibid.
[7] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council Information and Advocacy Service, January 2024.
[8] International Protection Office, The European Communities (International Protection Procedures) Regulations 2022 and the International Protection Act 2015 (Procedures and Periods for Appeals) (Amendment) Regulations 2022 FAQ’s, 8th November 2022, available here.
[9] ibid.
[10] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council Independent Law Centre, April 2024.
[11] International Protection Office, Right to Reply, May 2025.
[12] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council Information and Advocacy Service, January 2024.
[13] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council Independent Law Centre, April 2026.
[14] Information provided by Irish Refugee Council Information and Advocacy Service, January 2023.
[15] RTÉ, ‘Child Safety Concerns at Citywest Transit Hub’, 19th December 2022, available here.