Author
In the Spanish reception system, efforts are made to place asylum seekers in the reception place which best fits their profile and needs depending on their age, sex, household, nationality, existence of family networks, maintenance, etc.[1] A case by case assessment is made between OAR and the relevant NGO in charge of the reception centres and, after assessing the availability of reception spaces and the individual characteristics of the applicant, the person is placed in the place that responds to their needs. As asylum seekers’ placement is made on case by case basis, there is an ongoing monitoring mechanism which takes into consideration the response to reception needs of each person concerning the mentioned profiles.[2]
In addition, based on vulnerability factors referred to under the Asylum Act, most vulnerable profiles are entitled to a longer stay in reception facilities compared to the normal 18-month period. For vulnerable groups, reception can reach a total of 24 months, following an exceptional authorisation from the competent authority.[3]
Nonetheless, available resources are not allocated with a view to provide for the specific needs of more vulnerable asylum applicants, who are referred to external and more specialised services in case of need. The Spanish reception system in fact does not guarantee specialised reception places addressed to asylum applicants such as victims of trafficking, victims of torture, unaccompanied asylum-seeking children or persons with mental disorders. As mentioned in
Health care, some NGOs offer receptions facilities and services for asylum seekers with health mental problems. In addition, some NGOs have specific places in their reception facilities specifically addressed to trafficked women. These NGOs can also provide tailored services targeting specific vulnerable groups (i.e. trafficked persons, asylum seekers with mental health needs), to facilitate their access to education, labour market and healthcare.
Reception places for asylum-seeking victims of trafficking are very few, and their number is not made public by the MISSM. The new Regulation on Reception specifically includes the prevention, detection and referral of victims of trafficking as one of the main principles governing any action within the reception system, and it also considers trafficking as a situation of vulnerability.
The Spanish reception system’s lack of focus on vulnerability has been criticised by several organisations in recent years. The Spanish Ombudsperson expressed its concerns regarding the serious deficiencies in the humanitarian assistance programmes for migrants.[4] In its 2022 Annual Report, the Ombudsperson reiterated the concerns, formerly outlined in a thematic report of 2016,[5] regarding the deficiencies of the asylum reception system and its impossibility in assuring places for all those who need it.[6] In its 2022 annual report on asylum, the organisation CEAR highlighted some deficiencies of the Spanish asylum reception system, such as the lack of appropriate response to specific needs and vulnerabilities due to a lack of flexibility of the system in adapting and responding to such needs.[7]
In July 2022, the Spanish Committee of Representatives of Persons with Disabilities (Comité Español de Representantes de Personas con Discapacidad – Cermi) published guidelines for providing an adequate assistance to women and girls with disability in situations of armed conflicts and humanitarian emergencies. The document provides practical guidance and suggestions on how to conduct actions directed at fostering social inclusion for women and girls with disability seeking asylum.[8]
On February 2022 the Minister of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration, together with UNHCR, started the implementation of an action protocol on gender-based violence within the reception system, with the aim of improving the prevention, risks mitigation and response for gender-based cases, in line with international and EU laws.[9] A leaflet explaining the protocol has been also published in different languages (i.e. Spanish, English, French, Arabic, Ukrainian),[10] together with a pocket guide for the professionals working in the asylum reception system.[11] Thanks to the protocol, 90 victims of gender-based violence were identified within the asylum reception system between January and June 2022.[12]
UNHCR supported the Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migrations (MISSM) and NGOs managing reception centres for refugees and asylum seekers in the implementation of national standard operating procedures to prevent and respond to gender-based violence in the reception system, enhancing the reception personnel capacity to adequately detect, refer, and intervene in GBV cases with a survival-centre approach. A few guidelines (data collection tool, pocket guide, a leaflet for professionals, and posters and leaflets for refugees, asylum seekers and stateless persons) were developed.[13] A plan to disseminate the guidelines through targeted trainings will be rolled out in 2023.[14]
In April 2023, the implementation of such a protocol was extended to the facilities for humanitarian assistance to migrants.[15]
UNHCR supported competent authorities in developing a protocol for the prevention of and response to violence against women in first-line reception centres for sea and land arrivals. The protocol was signed by the Secretary of State for Migration in November 2023. UNHCR facilitated a participatory process through a Gender-Based Violence Working Group involving competent authorities, the European Union Asylum Agency (EUAA), NGOs and reception centres in Ceuta and Melilla, ensuring that the protocol addresses the real needs of women and the challenges faced by personnel in this complex context. The protocol for the prevention of and response to GBV encompasses all forms of violence against women in accordance with the Istanbul Convention and applies to cases of violence against women in Spain, their country of origin, during their journey, and any foreseen risks of violence in a potential third country of destination. It includes a chapter on asylum as a key protection mechanism for women and 18 annexes, including a data collection tool and a guide to developing standard operating procedures to prevent sexual exploitation and abuse. UNHCR created a pocket guide for its practical application by professionals and organized online interactive working sessions with over 200 GBV actors in Melilla, Ceuta, Cadiz, the Canary Islands, Malaga and Almería, reinforcing networking, capacity building and collaboration.[16]
In June 2023 the Directorate-General of the Management of the Asylum Reception System at the Minister of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration renewed an agreement with Save the Children until the 30 of June 2024 in order to implement the programme ‘0-6’ at the CAR of Mislata (Valencia).[17] The project aims at tackling the emotional and psychosocial protection of children aged 0-6, their physical protection, at fostering access to education and learning, and the relation with parents and the community.
In October 2023 the NGO Kifkif, specialised in providing assistance to LGTBIQ+ migrants and asylum seekers, closed due to alleged embezzlement by its founder.[18]
Children and unaccompanied minors
There are no specialised resources for unaccompanied asylum seeking-children, and they are thus hosted in general centres for unaccompanied children or left destitute. In a report submitted to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in the occasion of the 7th cycle of assessment of the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Platform for Childhood (Plataforma de Infancia) underlined the necessity to create, especially in the Canary Islands, Andalucía, Ceuta and Melilla, appropriate reception centres to respond to migrant children’s international protection needs. It adds that such centres should provide for legal assistance, interpreters with proper training, and to foster quick referral to other facilities if in the best interest of the child[19] (See also Legal representation of unaccompanied children).
A report published in May 2023 by EuroMed Rights denounced the ‘extremely inadequate and unequipped conditions of reception services for unaccompanied migrant children to deal with large numbers of pending applications and age assessments, with poor sanitary conditions and a lack of access to health and education services’.[20]
The situation of unaccompanied children in the Canary Islands started to raise concerns since 2020, when more than 2,000 children were reportedly not receiving adequate assistance and protection.[21]
Following the call by different stakeholders including the Government of the Canary Islands and the Spanish Ombudsperson, the General Directorate for Children of the Ministry of Social Rights and the 2030 Agenda approved in 2022 a Management Model for migration contingencies for unaccompanied children and adolescents.[22] The model is aimed at providing a tailored response for of migratory pressure on minors’ protection systems at border territories such as the Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla or Andalucía. For these situations, the model foresees the possibility to activate different Response Plans for Children and Adolescents, with the aim of referring and distributing children at national level. The beneficiaries of such measures are unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents, who have entered Spain through an Autonomous Community whose child protection system is overwhelmed and thus are unable to comply with the best interests of these minors at that time. Several stakeholders advocated for this “solidarity or responsibility sharing mechanism” for many years.[23] Following such a plan, the Government and the Autonomous Communities agreed to transfer 400 UAMs from Ceuta and the Canary Islands to reception facilities in mainland, due to the situation of overcrowding. In addition, other 374 UAMs will be transferred in 2023.[24] In November 2022, the Government of the Canary Islands established a budget increase for the assistance to UAMs of around EUR 1,4 million.[25]
Due to the increase in arrivals to the Canary Islands in 2023, especially during the fall, many (presumed) UAMs arrived to the archipelago, including young children (i.e. less than 14 years old). This resulted in the UAMs’ protection system in the Canary Islands accommodating more than 4,400 UAMs in November 2023, and the accommodation of many UAMs in facilities for adults because they were not identified as minors. Following the challenges that arose because of the substantial increase, different organisations (i.e. the Platform for Childhood, UNICEF, and Save the Children) expressed concerns about the situation, and asked different institutions to take effective measures to guarantee children’s rights.[26] Similarly, Amnesty International denounced the situation in the archipelago and the lack of guarantees of UAMs’ rights, concretely the lack of information provision on their rights, including the right to asylum, the lack of age assessment procedures, the accommodation of presumed UAMs in centres for adults, the lack of legal assistance and appropriate interpretation, etc.[27] In October, all the Autonomous Communities reached an agreement to share the reception of 450 UAMs from the Canary islands. The Government of the archipelago assessed the agreement positively, but considered the number of UAMs to be transferred very low compared to the migratory situation it is facing.[28] As for February 2024, the transfer has not been carried out yet, being just four the Autonomous Communities who informed to be available for such a transfer of a total of 112 children.[29]
During the last years, problems and challenges in carrying out age assessment procedure to UAMs in the Canary Islands have been reported, with around 2,000 unaccompanied migrant children waiting to undergo the procedure.[30] In its 2022 annual report, the Spanish Ombudsperson continued to express concerns on the issue, as hundreds of UAMs keep on waiting the Public Prosecutor Office to issue the decree determining their age.[31] In February 2024, there were 5,500 migrant children waiting to undergo the procedure and/or for a response.[32]
In June 2021, the Law on the protection of children against violence – an important step forward in guaranteeing children rights and protection against any form of violence –[33] was approved.[34] The Platform of Childhood published a guide to disseminate the content of the law to different stakeholders, as well as to identify the next steps necessary to assure the effective and practical implementation of the law.[35] Among others, the law established the obligation for the personnel of certain centres/facilities (i.e. health centres, schools, sport and leisure centres, social services) to communicate situations of violence against children. Professionals working at protection centres for unaccompanied migrant children, asylum reception facilities and centres for the humanitarian assistance of migrants are subjected to such obligation. In addition, the law reiterates the obligation of the competent authorities to guarantee children in need of international protection access to territory and to the asylum procedure, independently of their nationality and of the means used to access the Spanish territory, in accordance with the Asylum Act. In November 2022 the Strategy to eradicate violence against children was adopted.[36]
As outlined by the Spanish Ombudsperson in his 2022 annual report, the Autonomous Communities started to develop and put in place different actions aiming at implementing such a law (i.e. protocols on detection and reporting of cases of violence against children, trainings to professionals, etc.). [37]
In October 2021, the Government adopted the reform of the Regulation of the Immigration Law, aimed at fostering the integration of unaccompanied migrant children and young adults.[38] Many stakeholders advocated for the reform of the Regulation of the Immigration Law, including many former UAMs,[39] and they regarded it as an extremely positive development.[40] After one year of implementation, the reform allowed almost 17,000 UAMs and young adults to obtain a residence and work permit.[41] In this respect, the Spanish Ombudsperson acknowledged the positive impact of such a reform.[42]
In November 2022, the Government adopted the National Action Plan for the implementation of the European Child Guarantee for the period 2022-2030, which includes a set of measures addressing also refugee children, asylum seeking children and UAMs.[43] As far as the author is aware, Autonomous Communities are still working on its operational implementation at regional level, as the Communities have competence on child protection.
As detailed in previous updates of this report, another issue denounced relates to the separation of children from their parents. This was a practice of the Public Prosecutor following boat arrivals at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). Children were separated from their parents during many months in order carry out DNA tests, which was heavily criticised. During this time, children were hosted in centres for unaccompanied migrant children, while their parents were in centres for adults. In the case of one family, in January 2023 the High Court of Justice of the Canary Islands (Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Canarias) condemned Canary Islands Government to pay a EUR 210,000 compensation for the moral suffering of the parents deriving from the separation from their three children during 14 months.[44]
In May 2023, the Council of Ministers adopted the National Strategy for the Rights of Childhood for the period 2023-2030, with the aim of fully guaranteeing such rights.[45] Among other things, the strategy foresees a set of measures to protect migrant children, including those in need of international protection.
Following the general elections in July 2023, the Ministry of Youth and Children was created.[46] It is hoped that this will strengthen the protection of children in Spain and to align policies and practices among the different Autonomous Communities. The Minister commented on the necessity to put in place a comprehensive plan for the assistance, protection and social inclusion of migrant children, including young adults who have been under the guardianship of the public authority.[47]
A report published in December 2023 by the Platform for Childhood highlighted the challenges faced by accompanied children in the asylum system.[48] In relation to reception conditions, the publication referred to the lack of a child perspective in the whole asylum reception system, and concretely, i.e., the lack of specialized lawyers and psychologists, the lack of specific activities and economic support for children, the lack of friendly specific and appropriate spaces for children in the reception facilities, etc.
In a report published in February 2024, UNICEF asked the Government to provide a quick and effective response to the needs of the 5,500 unaccompanied migrant children in the Canary Islands, as it did for the children displaced from Ukraine.[49]
Discrimination and hate crimes
Discrimination and hate crimes against migrants and refugees continued to be a reason of concern in 2023.
In a press release published in occasion of the 2023 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Amnesty International highlighted the discriminatory practices occurring in the context of migration and especially in relation to border management, and denounced how such practices demonstrates the institutional racism existing in Spain.[50]
Several developments relating to discrimination and hate crime were reported throughout 2023 and at the beginning of 2024.
An attack on three churches in Algeciras, which resulted in the death of a priest and the injury of four persons, committed by a Moroccan man in January 2023, was used by the far-right wing party ‘Vox’ to blame migrants and to justify its position on migration.[51] In light of that, different organisations expressed concerns regarding the hate and xenophobic messages expressed by leading politicians.[52] In March, a group of activists placed different banners on the external walls of the CIE of Aluche in Madrid to denounce the deprivation of liberty suffered by migrants, as well as the mistreatments and tortures.[53] In May, the organisation ‘CEAR’ denounced the structural racism existing in Spain and its increase in terms of accessing basic rights, such as education, housing and employment, as well as the issue of underreporting of racist incidents.[54] In June, Accem denounced the increase in discrimination, racism and xenophobia against migrants in Ávila and the barriers they face in accessing their rights.[55] In July, different organisations and groups in Cataluña issued a press release under the slogan ‘#DoyConElPerfil’, to denounce the racism in the investigations carried out by the police.[56] During the same month, two organisations denounced the aggression of a Moroccan migrant residing in Níjar (Almería) by the police while attempting to enter the patronal feasts.[57] In addition, the Municipality of Ripoll (Girona) reported on Twitter the deportation of a migrant in an irregular situation as a victory. Following that, a member of the Municipality Government from the political party Candidatura de Unidad Popular – CUP presented a motion of censure against the far-right political party Aliança Catalana, which governs the Municipality, and asked for the dismissal of its Major.[58] In September 2023 the first-instance Court nº 33 of Madrid condemned a school to pay EUR 10,000 for its insufficient action and protection of a Vitnamese girl who received racist insults during 5 years.[59] During the same month, six police officers belonging to the Cataluña’s ‘Mossos d’Esquadra’ have been condemned and expelled from the police corps for the racist aggression of a migrant in 2019.[60]
In April 2022, the Government adopted the Second Action Plan to Fight against Hate Crimes for 2022-2024,[61] while in July it approved the comprehensive law on equal treatment and discrimination,[62] welcomed by the organisations forming the Alliance for the Law on Equal Treatment as a step forward in the fight against discrimination. Nevertheless, the Alliance highlighted that the law remained lacking in some areas, mainly due to the failure to introduce additional mechanisms – such as accompaniment and translation – to guarantee an effective and comprehensive protection of victims. In addition, the Alliance voiced concerns on the lack of measures to tackle discrimination in certain contexts, such as the action of law enforcement agencies and the education.[63] The Spanish Ombudsperson indicated to have initiated all the necessary steps to monitor the implementation of the law, and to foster access to the body to all those persons victims of discrimination in any public context.[64]
A report published in March 2023 by SOS Racisme in Cataluña denounced that migrants are three times more likely to be identified by the police than Spanish nationals.[65]
The results of a survey published in May and carried out between November 2022 and January 2023 by the NGO ‘Rights International Spain’ showed the widespread and endemic existence of ethnic and racial profiling put in place by police in Spain.[66]
During the same month, a report published by the NGO ‘Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos de Andalucía’ denounced the discrimination faced by migrants and ethnic minorities to access housing in Córdoba.[67]
The annual report published by the organisation ‘SOS Racismo’ warned about the increase of 41.49% in cases of discrimination, racism and xenophobia compared to the previous reporting period, especially in relation to aggressions, access to social allowances, to public and private services, and to employment.[68]
In July the Council of Ministers approved the Strategic Framework for Citizenship and Inclusion against Racism and Xenophobia for the period 2023-2027, which contains a set of measures also related to the humanitarian assistance of migrants and the reception conditions of asylum applicants, including vulnerable persons.[69]
During the increase in arrivals to the Canary Islands in the fall of 2023, the Popular Party (Partido Popular) joined the discriminatory and racist discourse of the far-right wing party Vox in relation to migration.[70]
The NGO ‘Médicos del Mundo’ identified 176 cases of institutional racism in Ibiza from January to November 2023. These refer to the barriers that migrants face in accessing rights and services. The organisation particularly underlines the obstacles in accessing health services and the enrollment in the municipal register (empadronamiento). The vast majority of the migrants affected by these issues were women.[71]
On the occasion of the International Migrants Day, the NGO ‘CEAR’ denounced the discrimination that migrants, asylum seekers and refugees face in accessing rights and the inclusion process.[72]
Following the announcement to build a facility for asylum seekers in Azuqueca de Henares (Guadalajara), around 200 personas gathered to protest the assignment of a parcel to that purpose.[73]
Unaccompanied children also continued to face serious discrimination in Spain in 2023. A report published by the organisation ‘Solidary Wheels’ denounced the violence that unaccompanied migrant children suffer in Melilla by the police.[74] In September 2023, the Provincial Court of Málaga condemned seven inhabitants of Melilla for disseminating violent and racist posts against unaccompanied migrant children in Facebook.[75]
Asylum seekers, refugees and migrants in Spain continue to suffer from financial exclusion and discrimination, because of the challenges often faced while trying to open bank accounts. In February 2022, different organisations urged the Government and the Bank of Spain (Banco de España) to adopt urgent measures to make banking institutions comply with the law and to end a practice that impede the financial and social inclusion of asylum seekers, refugees and migrants.[76]
In 2022, within the project ‘Don’t call out, claim’ (No clames, reclama!), the Federation of Consumers and Users (Federación de Consumidores y Usuarios – CECU) published a practical guide for vulnerable users (including asylum seekers) on their rights regarding the opening of a bank account. The document is available in Spanish, English, French and Arabic.[77] A report published in March 2023 by the organisation CEAR highlighted the challenges that asylum seekers face in opening a bank account, especially connected to the amount of documentation they are legally required.[78]
Similarly, migrants continued to face challenging in accessing health, especially pregnant women and children, despite the legislation guarantee them such a right.[79]
LGBTQI+
Discrimination and incidents against LGBTQI+ persons (including asylum seekers and migrants) increased in 2023. The 2023 ILGA report referred to an increase in the use of transphobic speech and anti-LGBTI hate crimes in Spain.[80]
In January 2023 the regional police of Cataluña Mossos d’Esquadra initiated an investigation on a homophobic aggression suffered by a trans person in Barcelona.[81] In June, a canvas representing a hand throwing to the garbage different flags, including the LGTBI+ one, was shown in Madrid by the far-right political party ‘Vox’ in view of the Spanish General Elections. The Electoral Commission of the city ordered its removal.[82] In July, a LGTBI+ flag was burnt at the Municipality of Purullena (Granada).[83]
In December 2022 the NGO ‘La Merced Migraciones’ launched the documentary film ‘Resistencias’ which collects testimonies of LGTBI+ migrants and refugees to raise awareness on their situation, as well as on the challenges and the discrimination they face in their inclusion process.[84]
In occasion of the 2023 World Day against LGTBI-phobia, the National Federation of Lesbians, Gays, trans, Bisexual, Intersexual and More (FELGBTI+[85], according to its initials in Spanish) published the results of a survey denouncing that more than 280,000 LGTBI+ persons suffered aggressions in the last 5 years in Spain.[86] Despite the advanced legislation on the matter in Spain, LGTBI+ migrants and refugees continue to suffer discrimination in accessing their rights.[87]
UNHCR continued its collaboration with the Spanish Federation of LGTBIQ+ Associations (FELGTBI+) launching a joint training course on asylum for LGTBIQ+ NGOs, providing observations to the Law on the real and effective equality of transgender people and the rights of LGTBIQ+ people which included an article on International Protection, and the presentation of a pledge in the Forum “Spain for Refugees”.[88]
In view of the General Elections, Amnesty International asked all the political parties an unambiguously commitment to consolidate LGTBI+ rights after the elections.[89]
In June 2022, the Government approved a law on the equality of transgender individuals and on additional guarantees of LGTBI+ persons’ rights, which foresees also the right self-determination and the possibility of gender rectification at the Civil registry.[90] Amnesty International welcomed the proposal as a step to advance in guarantee LGTBI+ rights.[91] The National Federation of Lesbians, Gays, Trans, Bisexuals, Intersexual+ (Federación Estatal de Lesbianas, Gais, Trans, Bisexuales, Intersexuales y más – Felgtbi+)[92] called the Government to guarantee the right to change gender at the register to all trans migrants, independently of their administrative situation.[93] The law was approved in March 2023.[94]
[1] DGIAH, Reception Handbook, November 2018, A, 6.
[2]DGIAH, Reception Handbook, November 2018, G.2 (22), G.3 (24).
[3] Boletín Oficial del Estado, ‘Real Decreto 220/2022, de 29 de marzo, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento por el que se regula el sistema de acogida en materia de protección internacional’, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3QR8SHo; Migrar con Derechos, ‘Instrucción SEM de 15 de diciembre de 2022. Acceso y permanencia sistema acogida protección internacional’, 15 December 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/42A0pxQ.
[4] Asociación Pro derechos Humanos de Andalucía, El Defensor del Pueblo advierte “significativas carencias” en el diseño de los programas de acogida humanitaria, 7 August 2020, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/2LUNvrI.
[5] Defensor del Pueblo, El asilo en España: La protección internacional y los recursos del sistema de acogida, June 2016, available in Spanish at: https://goo.gl/rJrg3k, 64.
[6] Defensor del Pueblo, Informe Anual 2022. Volumen I’, March 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3M9WLVo, 53.
[7] CEAR, ‘Informe Anual 2022: Las personas refugiadas en España y Europa’, June 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/40radbM.
[8] CERMI, Fundación CERMI Mujeres, ‘¡S.O.S. por las mujeres y niñas con discapacidad! Guía para proporcionar una asistencia adecuada en situaciones de conflictos armados y emergencias humanitarias’, July 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3psaU3U.
[9] ACNUR, ‘Inclusión implementa junto a ACNUR el Protocolo de actuación sobre violencia de género en el sistema de acogida’, 23 February 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3PZD0zO.
[10] ACNUR, Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones, ‘Protocolo de actuación ante la violencia contra las mujeres solicitantes y beneficiarias de protección internacional y temporal’, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3PWMQCA.
[11] ACNUR, Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones, ‘Cómo actuar ante la violencia contra las mujeres solicitantes y beneficiarias de protección internacional y temporal. Guía de bolsillo para profesionales del SAPIT sobre la aplicación del protocolo de actuación ante la violencia contra las mujeres en el sistema de acogida de protección internacional, dirigida al personal técnico’, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3WBmyIv.
[12] Europa Press, ‘España detectó a 90 víctimas de violencia machista entre las refugiadas acogidas entre enero y junio de 2022’, 24 November 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3znPKIW.
[13] Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones, ‘Inclusión implementa junto a ACNUR el Protocolo de actuación sobre violencia de género en el sistema de acogida’, 23 February 2022, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/3jzskny3
[14] Information provided by UNHCR in March 2023.
[15] Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguirdad Social y Migraciones, ‘Inclusión y ACNUR extienden el protocolo de actuación sobre violencia de género a los centros de atención humanitaria’, 18 April 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/52azcn3t.
[16] Information provided by UNHCR in April 2024.
[17] Derecho, ‘Resolución de 22 de junio de 2023, de la Secretaría General Técnica, por la que se publica la Adenda de prórroga al Convenio entre la Dirección General de Gestión del Sistema de Acogida de Protección Internacional y la Fundación Save The Children, para el desarrollo del programa 0-6 en el CAR de Mislata’, 1 July 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/2xjrjkak.
[18] Huffington Post, ‘El ocaso de Kifkif: la primera ONG para migrantes LGTBIQ+ cierra con su líder denunciado por presunto desfalco’, 21 October 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/4ukbjf4y.
[19] Plataforma de Infancia, ‘La situación de la infancia en España en 2022’, November 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3KnfWK3.
[20] EuroMed Rights, ‘Happiness, Love and Understanding: The Protection of Unaccompanied Minors in the 27 EU Member States’, May 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3u49J0w.
[21] Info Migrants, ‘’A child needs more than food and shelter’: The fate of unaccompanied minors on the Canary Islands’, 1 January 2021, available at: https://bit.ly/3smhuZd.
[22] Ministerio de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2030, ‘Modelo de gestión de contingencias migratorias para la infancia y adolescencia no acompañada’, October 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3FzXrzp.
[23] Information provided by Save the Children in March 2023.
[24] El Confidencial, ‘El Gobierno y las CCAA acuerdan trasladar a la península a 400 menores de Canarias y Ceuta’, 27 July 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3KoNKq4.
[25] Europa Press, ‘El Gobierno aumenta en 1,4 millones el gasto para los dispositivos de emergencia de menores migrantes’, 24 November 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3Knpuon.
[26] El SaltoDiario, ‘Urge garantizar los derechos de la infancia migrante que llega a Canarias, apuntan las organizaciones’, 6 November 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/yut8awyx.
[27] Amnistía Internacional, ‘AI: Canarias/ Nueva investigación: Niños y niñas que viajan solos detenidos junto a adultos y con sus pertenencias confiscadas’, 3 November 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/ycyeetme.
[28] Diario de Canarias, ‘Acuerdo unánime para distribuir entre las comunidades autónomas a 450 menores migrantes llegados a Canarias’, 11 October 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/57ame5jr
[29] EFE, ‘Canarias inicia el proceso para intentar el reparto obligatorio de los menores migrantes’, 11 February 2024, available at: https://tinyurl.com/mrn3bu5f.
[30] El Diario, ‘Cómo son las pruebas de edad por las que desesperan “congelados” más de 1.700 migrantes en Canarias’, 27 May 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3JQeT31; Unicef, ‘Canarias: niños y niñas migrantes en una de las rutas más peligrosas del mundo’, July 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3fi8wYc, 20.
[31] Defensor del Pueblo, ‘Informe anual 2022 – Volumen I’, March 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3nzfYpt, 166.
[32] Cadena Ser,’ El Defensor del Pueblo canario abre una investigación para esclarecer la situación de los menores en prisión’, 15 February 2024, available at: https://tinyurl.com/2ep2zv4r.
[33] Unicef, ‘Proteger a la infancia frente a la violencia es responsabilidad de todos. Se aprueba en el Congreso la nueva Ley de Protección de la Infancia’, 20 May 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3GlK7wJ.
[34] Ley Orgánica 8/2021, de 4 de junio, de protección integral a la infancia y la adolescencia frente a la violencia, 4 June 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3ra6wqG.
[35] Plataforma de infancia, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, ‘Guía sobre la Ley Orgánica de Protección integral a la Infancia y la Adolescencia frente a la Violencia’, September 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3tlLd8b.
[36] Ministerio de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2030, ‘Estrategia de erradicación de la violencia sobre la infancia y adolescencia’, November 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3KnYbKQ.
[37] Defensor del Pueblo, ‘Informe anual 2022 – Volumen I’, March 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3nzfYpt, 37 ss.
[38] Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones – Prensa, ‘El Gobierno aprueba la reforma del Reglamento de Extranjería para favorecer la integración de menores extranjeros y jóvenes extutelados’, 19 October 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3q27zt9; PICUM, ‘Spain adopts law to facilitate regularisation of young migrants?, 18 October 2021, available at: https://bit.ly/3zxw1G9.
[39] CEAR, ‘Comunicado CEAR y otras ONG. Jóvenes que llegaron solos de menores urgen a reformar el Reglamento de Extranjería’, 21 July 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3GkZp5b; El País, ‘Lógica reforma para los jóvenes inmigrantes’, 23 July 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3qYcGtS; El Diario, ‘400 migrantes extutelados se concentran frente a Interior para pedir el desbloqueo de la reforma del reglamento de Extranjería’, September 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3zy6Ym8.
[40] CEAR, ‘Entidades de migración e infancia celebran la reforma del Reglamento de Extranjería’, 19 October 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3t2abt7; El Diario, ‘Jóvenes inmigrantes extutelados, tras el nuevo reglamento de Extranjería: “Ojalá podamos tener papeles y trabajar”, October 2021, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3zIGpLm.
[41] Heraldo, ‘Tras un año de la reforma de extranjería los jóvenes migrantes con empleo suben del 28% al 51%’, 13 November 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3M2Hw0B; Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones, Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración, ‘Menores no acompañados y jóvenes extutelados con autorización de residencia’, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/3mccsz53.
[42] Defensor del Pueblo, ‘Informe anual 2022 – Volumen I’, March 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3nzfYpt, 165.
[43] Ministerio de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2023, ‘Infancia con derechos: Plan de Acción Estatal para la Implementación de la Garantía Infantil Europea (2022-2030)’, July 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3zk3hl1.
[44] El Diario, ‘Más de un año separados de sus hijos por una decisión “precipitada” y sustentada en “meras conjeturas”’, 6 January 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/23y45vcr.
[45] Ministerio de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2030, ‘Estrategia estatal de derechos de la infancia y de la adolescencia (2023-2030)’, May 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/yec99pr4.
[46] Portal de Transparencia, Ministerio de Juventud e Infancia, available at: https://tinyurl.com/42y8z6wa.
[47] Servimedia, ‘Sira Rego apuesta por un plan integral de atención, protección e inclusión de menores migrantes’, 20 February 2024, available at: https://tinyurl.com/3bkmukxt.
[48] Plataforma de Infancia, ‘Posicionamiento sobre la infancia acompañada en el sistema de asilo en España’, December 2023, available at: https://tinyurl.com/yc7n85tu.
[49] Europa Press, ‘Unicef pide para los menores migrantes de Canarias el mismo trato que se da a los refugiados de Ucrania’, 20 February 2024, available at: https://tinyurl.com/2cv5mk9j; UNICEF, ‘’La respuesta de España a la crisis de Ucrania: ¿Un punto de inflexión en la protección de la infancia en contexto de contingencias humanitarias migratorias?’, January 2024, available at: https://tinyurl.com/2zed9r53.
[50] Amnistía Internacional, ‘AI: En el Día Internacional para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial recordamos la masacre de Sharpeville y el racismo institucional’, 21 March 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3nEocfR.
[51] Contra Información, ‘Vox utiliza el ataque de Algeciras para culpabilizar a la población migrante y romper la convivencia’, 27 January 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/4nt4nnx2.
[52] CEAR, ‘Organizaciones hacen un llamamiento a la responsabilidad política para promover la convivencia, la igualdad y la cohesión social’, 27 January 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/vkkdwb8v.
[53] El Salto Diario, ‘“Rompen” una de las paredes del CIE de Aluche para denunciar el racismo institucional’, 20 March 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/5cuv2cer.
[54] CEAR, ‘El racismo y la xenofobia se deben combatir todos los días y en todos los ámbitos’, 30 May 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rebrand.ly/xmvhcrk.
[55] El Diario de Ávila, ‘Accem denuncia un «auge» de conductas discriminatorias’, 13 June 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rebrand.ly/rqrhr2z.
[56] SOS Racisme, ‘Comunicado: #DoyConElPerfil – Convocatoria contra la discriminación racial en las investigaciones policiales’, 17 July 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rebrand.ly/3vbj0j1.
[57] El Salto Diario, ‘Denuncian una agresión policial a un joven migrante en Almería’, 11 June 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rebrand.ly/4ir8m91.
[58] Antena 3, El Ayuntamiento de Ripoll publicita la expulsión de un migrante como si fuera un triunfo’, 19 July 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/5n78hadn.
[59] El Salto Diario, ‘Un colegio concertado, condenado a pagar 10.000 euros por el acoso xenófobo que recibió una alumna’, 19 September 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rb.gy/q7o1k.
[60] El Diario, ‘Los Mossos d’Esquadra expulsan a los seis agentes condenados por agredir a un joven al grito de “negro de mierda”’, 18 September 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rb.gy/bhu7u.
[61] Ministerio del Interior – Secretaría de Estado de Seguridad, ‘II Plan de Acción de Lucha contra los Delitos de Odio, 2022-2024’, April 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/43c8gBY.
[62] Boletín Oficial del Estado, ‘Ley 15/2022, de 12 de julio, integral para la igualdad de trato y la no discriminación’, 13 July 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3ZAVtG7.
[63] Accem, ‘La Alianza por la Ley de Igualdad de Trato celebra por fin su aprobación en el Congreso’, 1 July 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3MjIhlM.
[64] Defensor del Pueblo, ‘Informe anual 2022 – Volumen I’, March 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/40GEOlN.
[65] SOS Racisme, ‘(In)Visibles. L’estat del racisme a Catalunya. Informe 2022’, March 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3znYPlf; Público, ‘Los extranjeros tienen tres veces más probabilidades de ser identificados por la Policía que los españoles’, 30 November 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3nFzgcK.
[66] Rights International Spain, ‘Encuesta sobre identificaciones policiales basadas en uso del perfilamiento étnico y racial’, May 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rebrand.ly/j8848ps.
[67] APDHA, ‘Informe | El 62% de las personas cordobesas de origen migrante y el 72% de las de etnia gitana manifiestan serias dificultades para acceder a una vivienda en alquiler’, 16 May 2023, available at: https://rebrand.ly/9j0ywq1.
[68] SOS Racismo, ‘Informe sobre el racismo en el estado español. Datos cuantitativos denuncias – 2023’, June 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rebrand.ly/th1o8kc.
[69] Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones, ‘El Gobierno aprueba el nuevo Marco Estratégico contra el Racismo y la Xenofobia’, 4 July 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rebrand.ly/kfzsv7u.
[70] El Diario, ‘El PP se suma al discurso xenófobo de Vox ante la crisis migratoria’, 26 October 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/ypr637hj.
[71] Cadena Ser, ‘Médicos del Mundo ha detectado 176 casos de “racismo institucional” en Ibiza en lo que va de año’, 9 November 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/2nv78nfe.
[72] CEAR, ‘CEAR reivindica la garantía de derechos y el valor de la convivencia en el Día de las Personas Migrantes’, 18 December 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/4ajrbhu9.
[73] El Confidencial, ‘Los centros de refugiados llegan a ciudades de provincia, y con ellos los “no soy racista, pero”’, 21 January 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3lVBMLz.
[74] Solidarity Wheels, ‘Marhaba. Violencia policial como producto de la violencia sistémica en Melilla, 2020-2022’, April 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/3ueckc29.
[75] Cadena Ser, ‘Siete condenados a prisión por delitos de odio tras difundir mensajes racistas e incitar a la violencia contra menores extranjeros’, 25 September 2023, available in Spanish at: https://rb.gy/099dt.
[76] CEAR, ‘La exclusión financiera afecta a miles de personas migrantes y refugiadas en el Estado español’, 15 February 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3t6OrKT.
[77] No Clames, Reclama, ‘Guía Cuentas de Pago Básicas. Consumidores Vulnerables’, 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3IZnthS.
[78] CEAR, ‘Sin barreras para nadie. Personas migrantes y refugiadas en el acceso a los Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (DESC)’, March 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3Kv5dgW.
[79] Público, ‘Racismo sanitario en España: así de complicado es para los migrantes el acceso a la atención médica’, 29 November 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3ZwmaMd.
[80] ILGA, ‘2023 Annual review of the human rights situation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex people in Europe and Central Asia’, February 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/411KYwL.
[81] 20 minutos, ‘Los mossos investigan la agresión a una joven trans en un parque de Barcelona al grito de “travelo de mierda”’, 14 January 2023, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3UeHp48.
[82] El Diario, ‘Vox retira la lona donde tiraba a la basura la bandera LGTBI o el feminismo tras la orden de la Junta Electoral’, 27 June 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/57d2hkch.
[83] El Diario, ‘Queman una bandera LGTBI en el municipio granadino de Purullena’, 23 July 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/mprmpm6y.
[84] La Merced Migraciones, ‘Resistencias cuenta las historias de 15 personas LGTBI migrantes’, 22 December 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/5afu9dfk.
[85] Federación Estatal de Lesbianas, Gais, Trans, Bisexuales, Intersexuales y más – FELGBTI+, available in Spanish at: https://felgtbi.org/.
[86] FELGBTI+, ‘Más de 280.000 personas LGTBI+ sufrieron agresiones en los últimos cinco años’, 17 May 2023, available at: https://rebrand.ly/bppgo87.
[87] Público, ‘Migrantes y refugiados LGTBI+ sufren más discriminación pese a la avanzada legislación española’, 30 June 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/473k4293.
[88] Information provided by UNHCR in April 2024.
[89] Europa Press, ‘Amnistía Internacional pide a los partidos compromiso “sin ambigüedad” para “consolidar” los derechos LGTBI tras el 23J’, 26 June 2023, available in Spanish at: https://tinyurl.com/yfh8hrm4.
[90] La Moncloa, ‘El Gobierno aprueba el proyecto de ley para la igualdad de las personas trans y la garantía de los derechos LGTBI’, 27 June 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/3zvLEPi.
[91] Amnesty International, ‘AI: ley LGBTI, o cuando el DNI tiene que ver con los derechos humanos’, 2 November 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/40CTpyt.
[92] FELGTBI+, see: https://felgtbi.org/.
[93] La Vanguardia, ‘La Felgtbi+ exige garantizar el cambio registral de género a las personas trans migrantes, al margen de su situación administrativa’, 16 December 2022, available in Spanish at: https://bit.ly/436jzeE.
[94] Boletín Oficial del estado, ‘Ley 4/2023, de 28 de febrero, para la igualdad real y efectiva de las personas trans y para la garantía de los derechos de las personas LGTBI’, March 2023, available at: https://tinyurl.com/m88ftbnp.