Author
Under Section 72 IPA the Minister may make an order designating a country as safe and it should be deemed a safe country of origin for the purposes of the single procedure. In deciding to make the order, the Minister must be satisfied that, on the basis of the legal situation, the application of the law within a democratic system and the general political circumstances, it can be shown that there is generally and consistently no persecution, no torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and no threat by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict. In making the assessment, the Minister shall have regard to the extent to which protection is provided against persecution or mistreatment by (a) the relevant laws and regulations of the country and the manner in which they are applied, (b) observance of the rights and freedoms laid down in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and UN Convention against Torture (CAT), in particular the rights from which derogation cannot be made under Article 15(2) ECHR; (c) respect for the non–refoulement principle in accordance with the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and (d) provision for a system of effective remedies against violations of those rights and freedoms. The Minister’s decision shall be based on a number of sources of information including, in particular, information from other Member States, the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA, former European Asylum Support Office), the High Commissioner, the Council of Europe and such other international organisations as the Minister considers appropriate.
The Minister may amend or revoke any such order and shall review on a regular basis the situation of any country designated under Section 72, however, the periodicity of such reviews is not known
In April 2018, the Minister for Justice commenced S.I. No. 121 of 2018, which expanded the safe country of origin list to include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Georgia and South Africa.[1]
In June 2023, the Department of Justice announced that it was to conduct a review of the list of ‘designated safe countries of origin’.[2] Subsequently, in January 2024, the Minister for Justice announced that, following the conclusion of the review process, two countries, Algeria and Botswana, would be added to the safe countries list.[3], In July 2024, following a further review, an additional five countries were added to the safe countries list: Brazil, Egypt, India, Malawi and Morocco, bringing the total number of countries appearing on the safe countries list to 15.[4]
The safe country of origin list continues to be applied in practice, reportedly in response to a significant increase in the numbers of applicants to Ireland from those countries since 2017. As of December 2022, Georgia and South Africa were amongst the top 10 countries of origin, with 2,710 and 450 applications respectively.[5] In 2023, Nigeria and Georgia were amongst the top 5 countries of origin with 2,084 and 1, 065 applications respectively. Algeria also featured amongst the top 5 countries of origin with 1, 462 applications, accounting for 11% of the total applications.[6] In 2024, Nigeria once again featured in the top 5 countries of origin, with 4,037 applications, accounting for 21.7% of all applications.[7] In 2025, Nigeria and Georgia featured in the top 5 countries of origin, accounting for 14.745% (1,940) and 7% (950) of applications respectively.[8]
Where it appears to the IPO that an applicant is a national or has a right of residence in a designated safe country then the country will be deemed to be a safe country of origin for the purposes of an assessment of an applicant’s international protection application only where: (a) the country is the country of origin of the applicant; and (b) the applicant has not submitted any serious grounds for considering the country not to be a safe country of origin in their particular circumstances and in terms of their eligibility for international protection.[9] There is no appeal against a designation that a person comes from a designated safe country of origin.
Under the revised procedure applicants from ‘designated safe countries of origin’ will now receive a date for their substantive interview within four to six weeks of making their initial application. For details on how this impacts the asylum procedure, see Accelerated procedure.
In October 2025, the Irish Court of Appeal issued further clarification with respect to the safe country of origin concept and the manner in which it interacts with the concept of state protection. The Court, giving judgment in the case of Z.M and N.G v. The International Protection Appeals Tribunal [2025] IECA 208, determined that the Tribunal had not erred in law in relying on the safe country designation of Georgia and Albania in concluding that effective State protection was available to the applicants concerned. The Court held that having regard for the designation of a particular State as a safe country was merely an additional factual matter which could support the Tribunal’s conclusion regarding the availability of State Protection while not, in itself, determining the outcome. The Tribunal was thus entitled to consider the fact that Georgia and Albania were on the safe country list as part of a broader factual assessment of conditions and protections in those countries, provided it was not the exclusive or dispositive reason for refusal.[10]
[1] S.I. No. 121 of 2018, International Protection Act 2015 (Safe Countries of Origin) Order 2018.
[2] The Journal, ‘Irish officials to review ‘safe countries of origin’ designation on 8 nations within next year’, 3 June 2023, available here.
[3] Department of Justice, ‘Minister McEntee announces new measures to expedite international protection application processing’, 30 January 2024, available here.
[4] Department of Justice, ‘Minister McEntee announces new additions to Safe Countries of Origin list’, 2 July 2024, available here.
[5] Acting Minister for Justice Simon Harris, Response to Parliamentary Question No 558, 31 January 2023, available here.
[6] IPO, ‘Monthly Statistical Report December 2023, December 2023, available here.
[7] IPO, ‘Monthly Statistical Report December 2024, December 2024, available here.
[8] International Protection Office, March 2026.
[9] Section 33 IPA.
[10] Z.M and N.G v. The International Protection Appeals Tribunal [2025] IECA, 21 October 2025, available here.