Author
Every unaccompanied child who applies for asylum or is otherwise detected on the territory or at the border has to be referred to the Guardianship service at the Ministry of Justice. The so-called Programme Law of 24 December 2002 has established the service and procedures to be followed in such a case.[1]
Once identified as a child, a guardian will be assigned to the child applicant. The guardian represents their pupil in legal acts and is responsible for ensuring that all necessary steps are taken during the unaccompanied child’s stay in Belgium. The guardian has to arrange for the child’s accommodation and ensure that the child receives the necessary medical and psychological care, attends school etc. The guardian has to see to the child’s asylum or other residence procedures, represent and assist the child in these and other legal procedures, and, if necessary, find a lawyer. During an ongoing asylum procedure, it is legally possible to cumulate the specific procedures directed at finding a durable solution for unaccompanied children (family reunification, return or right to reside in Belgium).[2] In practice, the Immigration Office often postpones the specific procedure while awaiting the results of the asylum procedure.
The guardian also has to help in tracing the parents or legal guardians. If that has not been done yet, the guardian can also introduce an asylum application for their pupil.[3] It should be noted, however, that a pending asylum procedure in practice could cause other procedures for finding a durable solution to be temporarily suspended until a final decision is taken on the asylum application, since, in that case Belgian authorities are not allowed to contact the authorities of the country of origin to assess whether return or family reunification is possible.
The guardian has to attend the different interviews at the Immigration Office and the CGRS and should inform the child of the decisions taken in their regard in an understandable manner and language. In case of an unfavourable decision, the guardian should explain appeal possibilities and request the child to provide arguments. They should also contact the lawyer to prepare the appeal and the social worker in the reception centre to prepare for possible consequences of the decision on the child’s right to reception.[4]
If necessary, a provisional guardian can be appointed immediately upon notice to the Guardianship Service; for instance, when an unaccompanied child is detained, the Guardianship Service’s directing manager or deputy shall take on guardianship.[5]
At the end of 2024, there were 3,654 guardianships, of which 2,716 were new guardianships since the start of the year. [6] One guardian can take on several guardianships.
Whereas in previous years, the Guardianship Service was confronted with a lack of guardians for unaccompanied minors, it reported in November 2024 that for the first time in three years, there was no longer a waiting list for the appointment of a guardian.[7] This is due to both a decrease in the number of non-accompanied minors arriving in Belgium and successful campaigns by the Guardianship Service to try and find more guardians. As a result, the Guardianship Service is able to assign a guardian within the legal timeframe of eight weeks.
[1] Article 479 Title XIII, Chapter VI of Programme Law of 24 December 2002 (UAM Guardianship Law).
[2] Article 61/15 Aliens Act.
[3] Article 479(9)(12) UAM Guardianship Law.
[4] Article 11 UAM Guardianship Law; 9 Royal Decree Immigration Office Asylum Procedure; Article14 Royal Decree CGRS Procedure; Guardianship Service, General guidelines for guardians of unaccompanied children, 2 December 2013, available in Dutch at: http://bit.ly/2FFW1GG.
[5] Article 479(6) UAM Guardianship Law.
[6] Myria, Contact Meeting 29 January 2025,, available in French and Dutch here.
[7] VRT NWS, ‘Waiting list for guardians for non-accompanied minors has disappeared’, 20 November 2024, available in Dutch here.