Dublin procedure

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General

Dublin statistics: 1 January – 31 December of 2024:

Source: Ministerio del Interior, Subsecretaría del Interior, Dirección General de Protección Internacional, ‘Avance de datos de protección internacional, aplicación del Reglamento de Dublín y reconocimiento del estatuto de apátrida. Datos provisionales acumulados entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2024’, January 2025, available here.

* In relation to the figures above, it should be noted that 3,582 out of the total 3,582 requests received were accepted, while 1,130 out of the total were denied.

The OAR rarely applies the Dublin Regulation. It only issued 10 outgoing requests in 2016, 11 in 2017, 7 in 2018,^[1] and 120 in 2019.^[2] Thus, the Dublin Regulation usually concerns incoming requests and transfers to Spain. In 2019, the country received a total of 17,086 requests and 1,917 transfers, while only 5 outgoing transfers were carried out.^[3] In 2022, Spain issued 633 requests to other EU Member States, and a total of 5 transfers were carried out.[4] In 2023, Spain issued 688 requests to other EU Member States.[5] Figures on the number of outgoing requests in 2024 were not available at the time of writing.

Application of the Dublin criteria

Given the limited use of the Dublin Regulation by the OAR, there is not sufficient practice to draw upon for an analysis of the way in which criteria are applied.

The OAR has edited two leaflets in three languages (Spanish, English and French). One leaflet provides information about the Dublin Regulation for applicants for international protection pursuant to article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 604/2013.^[6] The other leaflet contains information for applicants for international protection found in a Dublin procedure, pursuant to article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 604/2013.^[7] The OAR’s edited leaflet providing information to asylum seekers on the Dublin Regulation states that having family members living in a country is one of the factors that will be taken into account for establishing the Member State responsible for the processing of the asylum application.

In general, family unity criteria are applied in practice. For unmarried couples, it is even sufficient to provide – in the absence of a legal document – an official declaration of the partners demonstrating their relationship.

• The discretionary clauses

The sovereignty clause is rarely applied, for the cases of vulnerable people or to guarantee family unity. According to the European Commission’s evaluation of March 2016, Spain also undertakes responsibility for unaccompanied children, even where there is evidence that the Dublin family criteria could apply.^[8] However, the sovereignty clause was not applied in 2017.^[9] There is no information available on the application of the sovereignty clause in 2024.

Concerning the humanitarian clause, it appears that no case has met the relevant criteria on the basis of Article 17(2) of the Regulation. In 2016 and 2017, the OAR has not applied the dependent persons and humanitarian clauses.^[10] There is no information available on the application of the humanitarian clause in 2022, 2023 and 2024.

No specific procedure is applied in the cases of vulnerable individuals.

Procedure

The Asylum Law does not provide specific elements regarding the Dublin procedure. In practice, it consists of an admissibility assessment with the same characteristics and guarantees foreseen for other applicants. The only difference is the length of the process. In the Dublin procedure, the phase is 1 month longer in accordance with the Dublin Regulation. There are no legal provisions regulating this at national level, however.

Asylum seekers are systematically fingerprinted and checked in Eurodac.

The OAR has also produced and published a leaflet with relevant information on the Dublin procedure. However, the leaflet is only available in Spanish, English, and French.^[11]

• Individualised guarantees

There are very few outgoing requests made by Spain. No specific guarantees have applied to these cases.^[12]

• Transfers

According to the OAR an average duration of the Dublin procedure is not available for 2017. The OAR implemented 2 transfers in 2016, 2 in 2017, 2 in 2018,^[13] 5 in 2019^[14], and 5 in 2022.[15] In 2023, 149 outgoing transfers were carried out, while 1,310 ingoing tranfers were received.[16] Figures on the number of transfers in 2024 were not available at the time of writing.

• Personal interview

The same rules as in the Regular Procedure: Personal Interview apply. According to the authorities, the interview is never omitted.^[17] In practice, during the registration of the application, the OAR official or the Police ask the person questions about identity and travel route.

• Appeal

The same rules as in the Regular Procedure: Appeal apply.

• Legal assistance

The same rules as in the Regular Procedure: Legal Assistance apply.

Suspension of transfers

Transfers of asylum seekers to Greece under the Dublin Regulation have been suspended since 2014. Spain makes very rare use of the Dublin procedure in practice.

The situation of Dublin returnees

The number of incoming procedures to Spain is far higher than the number of outgoing procedures. In 2024, Spain received 8,334 requests, mainly from France (3,926), Germany (2,426), and Belgium (768).^[18]

The Dublin Unit does not provide guarantees to other Member States prior to incoming transfers, although upon arrival of an asylum seeker through a Dublin transfer, the OAR coordinates with the Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration, responsible for reception.^[19] Nevertheless, civil society organisations have witnessed particular difficulties with regard to victims of trafficking returning to Spain under the Dublin system, mainly from France. These are due to different factors, i.e. the fact that victims of trafficking are not effectively identified as such, the lack of an effective mechanism to register and identify trafficked persons before return, as well as to identify victims among Dublin returnees once they arrive in Spain. The lack of coordination among the Spanish competent authorities (Dublin Unit, OAR, Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration in charge of reception) is another factor.

Some years ago, there have been reports of Dublin returnees not being able to access reception conditions due to a lack of places in asylum reception facilities (see Reception Conditions: Criteria and Restrictions). This has resulted in a homelessness and destitution in certain cases. In a series of rulings, the Superior Court (Tribunal Superior de Justicia, TSJ) of Madrid condemned the Spanish Government for denying reception to asylum seekers returned to Spain within the Dublin procedure.^[20] For this purpose, the Ministry of Labour, Migration and Social Security issued an instruction establishing that asylum seekers shall not be excluded from the reception system if they left voluntarily Spain to reach another EU country.^[21] In the last couple of years, no reports on the situation of Dubin returnees in Spain were published.

In practice, Dublin returnees face the same obstacles in accessing the procedure and reception conditions as any other asylum applicant.

While Dublin returnees face important obstacles in accessing the reception system, they may also face obstacles in re-accessing the asylum procedure given the persistent general deficiencies of the asylum system described throughout this report. The OAR prioritises their registration appointment for lodging an asylum application. If their previous asylum claim has been discontinued, they have to apply again for asylum. However, that claim is not considered as a subsequent application.

^{[1] Information provided by OAR, 28 February 2017; 2 March 2018; 8 March 2019.}

^{[2] OAR, Oficina de Asilo y Refugio, ‘Asilo en cifras 2019’, July 2020, available here, 62.}

^{[3] Ibidem, 61.}

^{[4] Ministerio del Interior, ‘Asilo en cifras 2022’, November 2023, available here.}

^{[5] Ministerio del Interior, ‘Asilo en cifras 2023’, 2024, available here.}

^{[6] Oficina de Asilo y Refugio (OAR), ‘Information about the Dublin Regulation for applicants for international protection pursuant to article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 604/2013’, available here.}

^{[7] Oficina de Asilo y Refugio (OAR), ‘Information for applicants for international protection found in a Dublin procedure, pursuant to article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 604/2013, available here.}

^{[8] European Commission, Evaluation of the implementation of the Dublin III Regulation, March 2016, 20.}

^{[9] Information provided by OAR, 2 March 2018.}

^{[10] Information provided by OAR, 28 February 2017; 2 March 2018.}

^{[11] Oficina de Asilo y Refugio (OAR), ‘Información para los solicitantes de protección internacional sobre el reglamento de Dublín de conformidad con el artículo 4 del Reglamento (UE) nº 604/2013’, available here.}

^{[12] Information provided by OAR, 20 August 2017.}

^{[13] Information provided by OAR, 28 February 2017; 2 March 2018; 8 March 2019.}

^{[14] OAR, ‘Asilo en cifras 2019’, July 2020, available here, 62.}

^{[15] Ministerio del Interior, ‘Asilo en cifras 2022’, November 2023, available here.}

^{[16] Ministerio del Interior, ‘Asilo en cifras 2023’, 2024, available here.}

^{[17] European Commission, ‘Evaluation of the implementation of the Dublin III Regulation’, March 2016, 12.}

^{[18] Ministerio del Interior, Subsecretaría del Interior, Dirección General de Protección Internacional, ‘Avance de datos de protección internacional, aplicación del Reglamento de Dublín y reconocimiento del estatuto de apátrida. Datos provisionales acumulados entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2024’, January 2025, available here.}

^{[19] Information provided by OAR, 20 August 2017.}

^{[20] El Diario, ‘La Justicia obliga al Gobierno a readmitir en el sistema de acogida a los refugiados devueltos desde otros países europeos’, 22 January 2019, available here.}

^{[21] La Vanguardia, ‘Los solicitantes de asilo que abandonen voluntariamente España no serán excluidos del sistema de protección’, 22 January 2019, available here.}