Access to the territory and push backs

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Land and air borders

Persons refused entry into the territory after arriving at the border have the possibility to ask for a “full day” (jour franc) that allows them to be protected from removal for 24 hours.[1] In the case of adults, this right must be requested, whereas under the law unaccompanied children cannot be removed before the expiry of the jour franc unless they specifically waive it. The jour franc does not apply to refusals of entry issued at land borders since September 2018.[2]

Overseas France: The jour franc also does not apply to refusals of entry issued in Mayotte since September 2018.[3] It does apply in all other French overseas territories for non-land borders.

As regards external borders, in 2024 Eurostat statistics reported 10,235 (estimation) third country nationals refused entry (compared to 9,650 in 2023), including 1,295 at a land border (1,670 in 2023), 1,145 at a sea border (1,345 in 2023), and 7,800 (estimation) at an air border (6,635 in 2023).[4] For 2025, Eurostat statistics reported 10,235 (estimation) third country nationals refused entry, including 1,295 at land borders, 1,145 at sea borders, and 7,800 at air borders.[5]

According to a report of the Court of Auditors published in January 2024,[6] about 89,000 refusals of entry were notified at French borders in 2023 (compared to 94,692 in 2021[7] and 72,581 in the first 10 months of 2023[8]). No more recent data is available: the legal framework has been clarified following caselaw (see below), and refusals of entry can no longer be indiscriminately notified at internal borders. These decisions are now considered as arrests on the territory, which led to a sharp increase in this statistic in 2025 (+30% in 2025, +19% in 2024).[9]

Indeed, in a decision issued in November 2020, the Council of State indicated that European law does not allow for the issuance of a refusal of entry to a foreigner arrested while crossing an internal border or close to it, nor does it automatically deprive an asylum applicant from reception conditions i.e. accommodation. The rules from the Return directive must apply.[10] However, in a decision issued in April 2021, the Council of State made a distinction between people arrested after crossing the border, who must be subject to the Return Directive (case law of November 2020), and those who are arrested before crossing the border for whom the refusal of entry was considered compatible with European law.[11]

Following a request from NGOs, the Council of State requested a preliminary ruling to CJEU about the legal framework applicable in this situation. In September 2023, the CJEU stated that where a Member State has reintroduced controls at its internal borders, it may adopt, in respect of a third-country national who presents themself at an authorised border crossing point situated on its territory and where such controls are carried out, a decision refusing entry, provided that the common standards and procedures laid down in the Return directive are applied to that national in view of their removal.[12] In February 2024, the Council of State cancelled the article of law which allowed refusals of entry to be issued in all circumstances and without any distinction in the context of the reestablishment of internal border controls.[13] The Council noted that the provisions of Ceseda relating to deprivation of liberty to verify identity (‘retenue administrative’) and administrative detention (‘rétention’) are particularly applicable to them, which provide a framework and minimum guarantees. Finally, it recalled the obligation to respect the right to asylum. It concluded that it is up to the legislator to define the rules applicable to the situation of people whom the police services intend to send back to a member state of the Schengen area with which France has concluded a readmission agreement – among others, Italy and Spain.

Since 2015, the French police have intensified border controls which aim to prevent asylum seekers from accessing France. Despite the fact that the reintroduction of border controls at the internal borders must be applied as a last resort measure, in exceptional situations, and must respect the principle of proportionality, France has regularly re-introduced border controls at its internal borders in recent years, including continuously since 2015. The current temporary border control, covering all land, sea and air internal borders is valid from 1 November 2025 to 30 April 2026 and justified by:

serious threats to public policy, public order, and internal security posed by persistent jihadist threats, a rise in antisemitic attacks, the growing criminal networks facilitating irregular migration and smuggling, and irregular migration flows towards the Franco-British border that risk infiltration by radicalised individuals, as well as the irregular crossings on the Channel and North Sea borders, along with rising violence among migrants, particularly in northern coastal areas such as Dunkirk and Calais, leading to tense and perilous situations for both migrants and law enforcement.[14]

In various instances, the reintroduction of internal border checks was subject to judicial control. In October 2019, the Council of State validated a temporary border control decision that had been taken in 2018.[15] The Council of State considered that this measure, which is based on ‘“current events and the high level of the terrorist threat prevailing in France’”, leads to a limitation of the freedom of movement that is proportionate to the aim pursued. The decision reintroducing border controls was challenged by NGOs again in 2022, following the CJEU decision on this issue (26 April 2022, C-368/20 and C-369/20).[16] However, the Council of State validated the measure in July 2022, considering that the threat was renewed (despite the CJUE requiring a new threat).[17] In a decision of March 2025, this court once again ruled that the system was legal and compliant with the new Schengen Code.[18]

In October 2024, an NGO published a report documenting the various attacks on associative freedoms and solidarity movements at the borders with Italy, Spain and the UK.[19]

In February 2025, the French Prime Minister announced that the “border force” experimented at the French-Italian border would be extended to the entire country.[20] It enables the mobilisation of border reinforcements from several services.

It should be further noted that France has signed around 40 cooperation agreements with other countries, including readmission agreements with European countries such as Kosovo, Serbia, Switzerland, Italy, Lithuania, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, and with South and Central America countries such as Argentina, Mexico, or Brazil.[21] These agreements should not impact the right to ask for asylum but are often interpreted in practice as taking precedence over all other considerations, especially at the Italian land border.[22]

Access at the UK land and sea borders

According to the UK authorities, attempts to cross the Channel to join the United Kingdom reached 41,472 in 2025,[23] compared to 36,816 in 2024,[24] 29,437 in 2023,[25] 45,774 persons in 2022 and 28,526 in 2021.[26] Regarding the people who arrived in 2024 (36,816 persons), 76% came from only 7 countries: Afghanistan (16%), Syria (13%), Iran (11%), Vietnam (10%), Eritrea (9%), Sudan (7%) and Iraq (6%).[27]

According to French authorities, 49,966 persons were detected trying to cross the Channel in 2025 (compared to 45,203 in 2024, 35,876 in 2023, 51,786 in 2022, 35,382 in 2021, 9,551 in 2020 and 2,294 in 2019).[28] 6,177 migrants were rescued at sea, compared to 6,310 in 2024, 4,858 in 2023, 8,323 in 2022, 8,609 in 2021 and 2,036 in 2020. In 2024, at least 29 persons died (82 in 2024, 12 in 2023, 5 persons in 2022, 31 persons in 2021) at sea trying to join the United Kingdom.[29]

Analysis shows that 93% of small boat arrivals to the UK from 2018 to March 2024 claimed asylum and amongst those who had received an initial decision by 31 March 2024, around three quarters were successful.[30]  Small boat arrivals made up 41% of asylum applications in the UK between January 2025 to December 2025.[31]

On 7 September 2023, the prefects of Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Somme adopted an interdepartmental decree authorising the use of cameras installed on board aircraft in the context of measures against illegal immigration. For 3 months, it allowed the use of 76 cameras on board drones, planes and helicopters to monitor a wide coastal strip of 5 km extending over 150 km. The legality of this order is based on a 2022 law allowing border surveillance by cameras, a practice which has developed at other points of entry from May 2023.[32] Other administrative decisions have subsequently extended these surveillance resources, which were still in place at the beginning of 2025.[33]

On 10 July 2025, the United Kingdom and France announced a migration agreement aimed at deterring crossings of the English Channel. On 5 August 2025, the United Kingdom published this agreement, followed by several supplementary documents (including the legal entry application process for the United Kingdom, accompanied by a detailed application guide). The two countries agreed to create a pilot programme that can be summarised as ‘one in, one out’. The treaty provides for people who arrive in the UK via the Channel to be returned to France and for the same number of people who are returned to France to be brought safely to the UK. For further details on the requirements to be allowed entry into the UK on the basis of this scheme, see the AIDA report on the United Kingdom – Update on 2025.

The French authorities stated in February 2026 that, since its implementation, the agreement had enabled the return of 338 people to France, compared with 370 people admitted legally to the United Kingdom.[34] Of the 370 people admitted to the UK:

• 172 were Afghans, 163 were Sudanese and 67 were Yemenis;
• 89% were men;
• 89% were unaccompanied adults;
• 54% were aged between 20 and 29, and 30% between 30 and 39.

As for those readmitted to France, the authorities simply stated that “nationalities from the Horn of Africa are primarily concerned” and that “around a quarter of these people apply for asylum in France”.

The arrangements put in place to receive, refer and support people returned to France under this agreement are unclear, and no official information has been published on the matter. Several circumstances suggest that there is no dedicated support system in place, particularly for those who do not fall under France’s responsibility for asylum,[35] and several migrants returned to France have attempted to re-enter the UK.

More recent figures have been reported in the media, indicating that 377 migrants were returned to France and 380 were received by the United Kingdom under the “one in, one out” agreement between August 2025 and March 2026.[36] This represents 12 returns per week, whereas the target was around 50 per week.

Access at the Italian land border

General situation at the French-italian border

Police operations at the border have been extended from the Menton and Nice areas to the Hautes-Alpes since 2016, following the reintroduction of internal border controls notified by France to the European commission since 20215 (see supra). Such practices of mass arrests have had an effect on shifting migratory routes, leading migrants to take increasingly dangerous routes through the mountains. By way of illustration, the Italian organisation Doctors for Human Rights (MEDU) denounced at the beginning of 2021 the critical situation of migrants who attempt to reach France from Italy through the Alpine border, highlighting inter alia that snow and freezing winter temperatures make the journey through the mountains particularly dangerous.[37]

Racial profiling by the Border Police and other police forces deployed in the region of Hautes-Alpes has been regularly reported this in recent years,[38] and illegal return decisions are annulled by the courts.[39]

Statistics at the French-Italian borders

Figures on the number of apprehended persons and refusals of entry at the Italian border were not fully available for 2025 at the time of writing of this report (April 2026).

At the south border, in the department of Alpes Maritimes (mainly at border point in Menton), authorities recorded 15,007 arrests of people trying to enter France irregularly in 2025[40] (taking into account that the same person can be arrested multiple times), a figure comparable to that of 2024 (15,000 arrests) but less than the previous years (about 42,000 persons arrested in 2023, 40,000 in 2022, 26,000 in 2021, 17,000 in 2020 and 16,000 in 2019).[41] 9,247 returns were implemented at this border and 403 people were brought before a judge for criminal prosecution for trafficking/smuggling.[42]

In 2023, 6,100 persons were arrested in Hautes-Alpes (compared to 4,111 in 2022),[43] 4,600 were returned to Italy and 1,200 minors were protected by social services in France.[44]  At this north part of the border, in the border point of Montgenevre located in the department of Hautes Alpes, the change in the legal framework (CJEU and Council of State decisions, see supra) limited returns to Italy during the first three quarters of 2024: in the first 8 months of the year, the police stopped 2,689 foreigners, but generally let them enter freely.[45]  In the first 5 months of 2025, 2,634 persons were arrested at the border in the Hautes-Alpes, including 1,197 unaccompanied minors.[46] No more recent data is available for this north border

According to local NGOs, at least 48 persons died from 2015 to 2025 at the south French-Italian border.[47]

Access to asylum at the French-Italian border

Moreover, persons who explicitly express the intention to seek asylum have been refused entry by the French authorities on the basis that Italy is responsible for their claim, without being placed under the formal procedure foreseen by the Dublin Regulation.[48]

Despite strong condemnations by monitoring bodies,[49] civil society organisations,[50] as well as court rulings condemning Prefectures for failing to register the asylum applications of people entering through Italy,[51] practice and official stances remain unchanged. In July 2020, the Council of State highlighted to the French Government its legal obligations regarding asylum at the border.[52] The Council of State concluded that by refusing entry onto the territory the authorities had manifestly infringed the right to asylum of the applicants.

ANAFE continued to note in 2022 an ‘unashamed violation of the right of asylum’.[53] In August 2023, Médecins sans Frontières published a report highlighting that ‘people on the move face violence and pushbacks at the Italian French border.’[54]

On 23 April 2024 the Ombudsperson published a decision regarding respect for the rights of people stopped and questioned at the French-Italian internal border by French security forces, in the Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-Maritimes departments.[55] This report reveals serious and massive violations of the rights of asylum seekers who are stopped there. Firstly, people who have expressed their wish to apply for asylum are redirected to Italy by the Menton border police. Likewise, no information on the right to asylum is spontaneously given to people, either at the time of arrest, on arrival at the station, or when they are notified of the refusal of entry. In her observations, the Ombudsperson also notes the systematic refusal of the authorities to pass on any asylum applications that may be made at the border. The relevant authorities stand by these illegal practices, who either openly question or ignore the applicable law, which is regularly clarified and reiterated by the courts. For example, during the first two years of the reinstatement of internal border controls, the authorities justified these practices by explaining to observers on site that the people stopped in this way were not expressing their desire to seek asylum in France. From 2017 onwards, the authorities’ position changed, asserting that they had no asylum obligations in the context of the controls and refusals of entry carried out in the context of the re-establishment of internal border controls. Finally, in February 2022, during the observation mission carried out by the Ombudsperson at the French Italian border, the authorities concerned maintained that the asylum system at the border could not be applied outside the framework of the waiting zone. These positions are legally unfounded, as the legal framework in force should enable these applicants to fully exercise their rights and have their asylum application considered by the French authorities. The authorities’ practices, as described above, are therefore in contradiction with current law, as interpreted by the CJEU and the Conseil d’État in 2023 and 2024.

A the north border, the NGOs noted a hardening from November 2024 onwards, with ‘a very sharp increase in readmissions to Italy of exiled people, many of whom wanted to seek asylum in France’.[56] Médecins du Monde notes in a report that ‘asylum applications were either simply ignored, or the conditions proposed for the interview were unsuitable’ while ‘for other people not covered by the asylum procedure, [they note] also the non-respect of several rights, notably relating to administrative detention’.[57]

The United Nations Committee Against Torture also raised concerns about this situation during its review of France’s periodic report. In their concluding observations published on 22 May 2025, the Committee expressed concern about the practice of returning migrants and asylum seekers, including unaccompanied minors, at the French-Italian border, as well as the refusal of access to the asylum procedure by the authorities present on the ground.[58]

In an ‘alert note’ published in June 2025, five French organisations united within the Coordination des actions aux frontières intérieures (CAFI) noted that it was still ‘impossible to access the right to asylum’, with people whose ‘applications had not been considered’ being returned to Italy.[59]

Difficulties in accessing asylum have also recently been highlighted by three reports by the General Controller of Places of Deprivation of Liberty (CGLPL) published November 6, 2025.

A report on a visit to the border police station in Menton (Alpes-Maritimes) in February 2025 indicates that officers did not consider it necessary to inform individuals of their right to apply for asylum in France (which would then lead to them being directed to the procedure within French territory), and that ‘law enforcement officers stated that they did not recall any individuals apprehended expressing their wish to apply for asylum’.[60] Between 183 and 213 asylum applications were recorded in Menton in 2024.

A report on the visit of the border police services in Modane (Savoie), carried out in May 2025, also highlights that ‘the right to seek asylum is insufficiently guaranteed’ since no information on this right is given to the people apprehended (only 6.5% of the people apprehended thus made an asylum application in 2024).[61]

The visit to the interdepartmental border police service in Montgenèvre (Hautes-Alpes) triggered even greater concern, as the CGLPL has decided to publish urgent recommendations on this situation in the Official Journal of November 6, 2025 , following its visit in May 2025.[62] Regarding the right to asylum, the report states that ‘the obligation placed on the authorities receiving an application for international protection is not (…) respected, since no information in this regard is spontaneously provided to persons deprived of their liberty, even minors,’ and that ‘the procedures consulted during the visit revealed that in two cases, the readmission request addressed to the Italian authorities bears a handwritten note that the individuals concerned did not request asylum during their interview, even though it is recorded in their interview transcript that they had expressed this wish’.

A SPADA was opened in May 2025 in the Alpes-de-Hautes-Provence (Digne-les-Bains), but the nearest SPADA for people arriving via the northern border is still in Marseille, which remains far from the points of entry.

Reports of people being refused entry without their protection needs being taken into account at the Italian border persisted in 2025 and 2026: the media reports that travel bans in France were issued to asylum seekers at the border in the Hautes-Alpes region, without any legal basis. [63]

Detention

Border controls have also led to new forms of Detention, including de facto detention in areas such as the police station of Menton, which cannot be accessed by civil society organisations.[64] This has been upheld by the Council of State as lawful during the period necessary for the examination of the situation of persons crossing the border, subject to judicial control.[65] In a report on detention conditions in the context of immigration in France, published in March 2020, the European committee for the prevention of torture (CPT) reported that the material conditions in the premises in Menton were extremely poor and could jeopardise the right to human dignity of the people placed there. The Committee expressed serious doubts on whether people who are refused entry to the territory are able to know, understand and exercise their rights.[66]

In a report published in September 2022, the NGO Anafe described the main places of detention at French-Italian border (Menton Garavan, Menton Pont Saint Louis, Montgenèvre, Frejus) and confirmed that many violations of fundamental rights have been observed there.[67]

In addition to existing detention premises, authorities announced in September 2023 the possibility to create 100 new places to maintain people during controls, but this project was not implemented.[68]

In its aforementioned April 2024 decision, the Ombudsperson refers to ‘a deprivation of liberty outside any legal framework’, stating that ‘a large number of people intercepted find themselves locked up for several hours, or even an entire night, in premises presented as ‘shelter’ spaces, without any legal basis and in undignified conditions’.[69]

The three aforementioned reports by the CGLPL published in November 2025 (cited above) also reported on the extremely poor and illegal conditions of detention in the detention facilities at the French-Italian border, with particularly urgent intervention needed for the Menton facility. On this basis, 12 associations brought a case before the administrative courts of Marseille and Nice on 2 March 2026 to put an end to the poor detention conditions at the police facilities in Menton and Montgenèvre.[70] They notably described the following circumstances : ‘In Menton, people sleep on mattresses laid on the floor, without blankets or pillows, in containers that give off a foul odour. In Montgenèvre, according to witnesses, more than twenty people, including minors and adults, can be locked up in the same dirty 20 m² container.’

Access at the Spanish land border

The French-Spanish land border is the longest land border of the mainland country (623 km) and as Spain is a key country of arrival into Europe, many migrants access France through this border. In 2025, 6,622 migrants were arrested in the east part of the French-Spanish border (Pyrénées-Orientales)[71] and 5,189 were returned to Spain.[72]

In 2024, almost 15,000 arrests were recorded along the entire border.[73] In the first semester of 2023 (no data for the entire year), 3,481 refusals of entry were notified compared to 6,154 in the same period of 2022 but an increase of readmissions by Spanish authorities (366 in the first semester 2023, 206 in the same period in 2022).[74]

Illegal returns to Spain still seemed to be practiced in 2025.[75]

Civil society organisations have denounced what appears to be a practice mirroring the methods of the Border Police on the Italian border.[76] Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) alerted in February 2019 that ‘[p]eople are denied the opportunity to apply for asylum in France, and minors are not considered as such; they are routinely turned away and sent back to Spain, instead of being protected by the French authorities as the law requires.’[77] Local authorities in Bayonne have also criticised current practice vis-à-vis migrants arriving from Spain.[78] According to the Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) of the EU, police checks have intensified since the beginning of 2021, with the deployment of 1,200 to 1,600 police officers each week, which in turn led migrants to take more risks while trying to cross the border.

In a report published in May 2023, several NGOs documented the increase of police resources at the border, illegal control practices and expeditious procedures which do not allow individual situations and the right to asylum to be taken into account. In 2021 and 2022, authors of this report identified 12 deaths of migrants at this border.[79] For instance, a migrant died in June 2022 when trying to enter France by crossing the Bidasoa River which marks the French–Spanish border, the press reported.[80] Illegal practices at the border have continued in 2023, as shown for example in a TV report broadcast in April 2023.[81]

In June 2023, authorities adopted a bylaw authorising the use of drones for border controls, but they ultimately withdrew the text following its challenge before administrative justice.[82]

Access at the Swiss land border

Regarding the increase of people arriving irregularly from Switzerland to France, an action plan was signed by both governments to reinforce police cooperation in border area.[83] It is particularly mentioned that people arrested during an attempt to cross illegally or who entered the territory irregularly can be directed as quickly as possible to the appropriate procedure (asylum and/or return). In practice no information is available about the possibility to ask for asylum when arriving from France to Switzerland. No data is published concerning refusals of entry at this border.

Access at borders in overseas territories

Overseas France: In Mayotte, thousands of people arrive each year from Comoros and sometimes from African or Asian countries, especially Sri Lanka. In 2024, 6,764 migrants[84] (8,669 in 2023, 8,003 in 2022, 6,355 in 2021, 3,536 in 2020) were arrested at sea trying to reach Mayotte illegally according to the authorities (no data for 2025). Radar and aerial resources are deployed for maritime surveillance of the island.[85] In 2025, the media reported illegal police practices aimed at stopping boats arriving in Mayotte, allegedly leading to drownings.[86]

In French Guyana, 9,122 refusals of entry were reported in 2024[87] compared to 9,165 in 2023[88] 425 refusals of entry were reported in all other overseas territories in 2024.[89]  No more recent data is available.

Access at airports

In 2024, 9,039 persons were detained in waiting zones in France (including 317 in overseas territories), 70% of them in in the waiting zone of Paris Roissy Airport.[90]  1,592 asylum procedures took place in these areas in 2024 (see Border procedure (border and transit zones).

At the end of the year 2023, 303 passengers of a flight coming from India have been maintained in an ad hoc waiting zone specially created in a small airport near Paris: 25 Indians have asked for asylum and been transferred to Roissy, but they were released by the judge before their request was examined due to procedural irregularities.[91]

ANAFE (the National Association of Border Assistance to Foreigners – Association nationale d’assistance aux frontières pour les étrangers) is an organisation that provides assistance to foreigners in airports. In its Annual report published in September 2020, the organisation highlighted several difficulties in accessing the right of asylum at airports.[92] According to the latter, there is a general lack of information on the right to seek asylum and difficulties occur in the registration of asylum claims at the border. It further highlights the important role of the Police in practice and the obstacles it may create regarding the asylum application. The same difficulties have been reported by ANAFE in a report published in January 2022,[93] in an open-letter in October 2022,[94] and during the 2022’s annual meeting between authorities and NGOs on the situation in waiting zones[95] Similar issues are further described below under the Border procedure (border and transit zones).

Border monitoring

There is no real border monitoring system implemented but some approved NGOs have a right to visit waiting zones and to assist people detained in these places. An annual meeting is organised by authorities to talk with NGOs about issues related to waiting zones.[96]

Moreover, some independent authorities such as the Contrôleur general des lieux de privation de liberté (controller of detention places) or Défenseur des droits (Ombudsperson) have the possibility to conduct field visits and to access all official documents (police records etc.). In practice, this allows for occasional checks but does not constitute a sustainable border control mechanism. Since its creation in 2008, the Contrôleur general des lieux de privation de liberté has controlled 22 different waiting zones at least one time, but e.g. in 2023 no visits were made to these premises.[97]

Legal access to the territory

For information regarding family reunification as a way to access the territory, see Family Reunification.

Resettlement

Refugees can legally access the territory through resettlement programmes. France had undertaken to resettle 3,000 people per year since 2022 (previous years’ commitment was for 5,000 people), from sub-Saharan Africa or the Middle East, thereby adding to the initial resettlement commitment of around 100 households per year under a framework agreement concluded with UNHCR in 2008.

In 2025, 3,056 persons were resettled according to the UNHCR database,[98] compared to 2,212 in 2024, 3,003 in 2023,[99] 3,164 in 2022[100] and 1,827 in 2021.[101] Detailed data from UNHCR shows that people have been mainly resettled from Türkiye (671), Ethiopia (555) and Chad (399). The majority of them are nationals of Sudan (524), Syria (519), Eritrea (199) and Afghanistan (458).

Source: UNHCR

People arriving under European commitments are heard by OFPRA beforehand in the country of asylum. In 2024, 21 OFPRA missions were carried out in Türkiye (6), Chad (3), Jordan (3), Cameroon (3), Egypt (2), Ethiopia (2)and Rwanda (2).[102] In 2025, 18 missions took place in Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Jordan, Rwanda, Chad, Türkiye, Ivory Coast and Lebanon.[103] People coming with this program are recognised as beneficiaries of international protection when they arrive in Paris and then have complete rights like other refugees in France. However, people arriving in the framework of agreement with UNHCR, not heard previously by OFPRA, are considered as asylum seekers at arrival: their asylum claim is processed quickly and always give rise to protection but the limited access to rights as asylum seekers for several weeks can cause difficulties (particularly in terms of access to health care). The process for the identification of resettled refugees under the UNHCR partnership is described in detail in an EMN response.[104]

All resettled people are welcomed by an NGO on arrival, which directs them towards housing previously found for them. They then benefit from state-funded integration support provided by NGOs for 12 months.[105]

France’s commitments to the EU are set to fall sharply in the coming years, with only 600 resettlements foreseen per year in 2026 and 2027.[106]

Regarding pledges for resettlement and humanitarian admission of Afghans under the EU ‘Afghan support scheme’, France committed to admitting 2,500 from mid-August 2021 to the end of 2022.[107] During this period, 3,134 Afghans were admitted in France: 2,635 during Summer 2021,[108] 526 from September 2021 to December 2021 and 1,095 in 2022.[109] Since 2023, there has been no specific scheme for admission of Afghans, but they can exceptionally benefit from humanitarian visas.[110]

Relocations

France also contributes to relocations from Greece to other European countries through a voluntary relocation scheme. From August 2020 to March 2023, 501 unaccompanied minors and 510 members of families (417 asylum seekers and 93 beneficiaries of international protection) were relocated from Greece in this context.[111] This specific programme ended in 2023.

In the framework of the Declaration on a voluntary solidarity mechanism endorsed by 19 EU countries and 4 Schengen associated countries in June 2022, France committed to relocating 3,000 persons in one year. However, at the end of 2022, only 38 people had been relocated from Italy and 225 others were selected for relocation by French authorities in Spain, Italy and Cyprus and waited for transfer.[112] However, IOM reports that 184 have been relocated to France in 2022.[113] According to OFPRA, 8 missions to identify people in need of international protection to relocate have been carried out in Cyprus, Greece and Spain in 2022,[114] and 10 missions in 2023.[115] There is no information available on possible relocations in 2024 and 2025.

Following the adoption of the new Pact on Asylum and Migration at the EU level, a solidarity mechanism between EU member states has been introduced as part of the Asylum Migration Management Regulation. In this context, France is set to be a solidarity contributor in 2026, and has chosen to contribute to the solidarity pool by pledging 3,361 relocations from ‘Member States under migratory pressure’ (Greece, Spain, Italy, Cyprus) between 12 June 2026 and 31 December 2026.

Humanitarian visas, corridors and community sponsorship

As mentioned on OFPRA website, a foreign national can apply for an asylum visa at a French representation in their country of origin. In practice, this possibility (considered as a favour and not as a right)[116] is only available in a few embassies, following specific commitments by France. A report on immigration sent by the Ministry of the Interior to the French Parliament in 2023, covering 2021 data, mentions the implementation in 2021 of visa programmes for 327 Syrians and 17 Iraqis in addition to specific operations implemented for Afghans (see supra).[117] No more recent detailed data are available. The process for the issuance of an asylum visa is described in detail in an EMN response.[118]

Moreover, a protocol signed between the French authorities and religious organisations in 2017 allowed the arrival of 504 people via humanitarian corridors. It was renewed in April 2021 for a target of 300 Syrians or Iraqis from 2021 to 2023. As of October 2024, 161 Syrians (including 72 children) had been admitted in France under this new protocol.[119]

According to an EMN response, the persons are identified by the 5 participating faith-based associations, who are present in Lebanon, and those organisations take charge of their travel, reception and accommodation until they enter ordinary housing. On arrival in France, the persons are considered asylum applicants and goes through the regular procedure.[120]

Public data on this type of visa did not allow for a clear understanding of this issue, as the “humanitarian visa” category (excluding figures on visa for health issues) included family reunification until 2023 (probably under the category “refugees and stateless persons” in the table below). In 2024, family reunification was excluded from statistics on visas but the data still includes resettlement.

Source: Ministry of Interior, ‘Les visas pour l’année 2025’, available in French here.

In the context of the war waged by Israel in Palestine following Hamas’s attacks against Israel on October 7, 2023, France carried out the evacuation of individuals in particular need of protection. By spring of 2025, approximately 500 people had been evacuated, but these operations were suspended in the summer of 2025 after a student hosted in France under this program made remarks deemed to be anti-Semitic.[121] As of October 2025 evacuations had restarted but without any official statement or public data.

[1] Article L. 333-2 Ceseda.

[2] Article L. 361-4 Ceseda. Note that in response to a report by the General Controller of Places of Detention (CGLPL), the Ministry of Interior stated in June 2018 that the jour franc does not apply in the context of reintroduction of Schengen border controls: Ministry of Interior, Response to the CGLPL, 18-019754-A/BDC-CARAC/JT, 7 June 2018, available in French at: https://bit.ly/2SEfU7k, 5.

[3] Article L. 361-4 Ceseda. Note that in response to a report by the General Controller of Places of Detention (CGLPL), the Ministry of Interior stated in June 2018 that the jour franc does not apply in the context of reintroduction of Schengen border controls: Ministry of Interior, ‘Response to the CGLPL’, 18-019754-A/BDC-CARAC/JT, 7 June 2018, available in French at: https://bit.ly/2SEfU7k, 5.

[4] Eurostat, [migr_eirfs], available at: https://bit.ly/3xCejEu.

[5] Eurostat, [migr_eirfs], updated 2 May 2025, checked 6 May 2025, available at: https://bit.ly/3xCejEu.

[6] Court of Auditors, ‘La politique de lutte contre l’immigration irrégulière’, 4 January 2024, available in French at: https://bit.ly/4a9jA4E.

[7] Annual meeting between the ministry of Interior and NGOs on the management of waiting zones, November 2022 – reported by La Cimade and ANAFE. Map of refusal of entries in 2021 provided by La Cimade, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3Ea43DG.

[8] Ministry of Interior, Débat au Parlement sur l’immigration en France, Press kit, 6 December 2022, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3IpLQmW.

[9] Le Monde, ‘Immigration : la hausse en trompe-l’oeil des interpellations d’étrangers sans papiers’, 26 February 2026, available in French here.

[10] Council of State, Decision No. 428178, 27 November 2020, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3ac7REC.

[11] Council of State, Decision No. 450879, 23 April 2021, available in French at: https://bit.ly/34sw8Hv.

[12] CJEU, Case C-143/22, ADDE and Others, 21 September 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3vgVWUZ.

[13] Council of State, Decision No.450285, 2 February 2024, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3vqNLFv.

[14] European Commission, ‘Member States’ notifications of the temporary reintroduction of border control at internal borders pursuant to Article 25 et seq. of the Schengen Borders Code’, available at: https://bit.ly/40dSdRT.

[15] Council of State, 16 October 2019, available in French at: https://bit.ly/2wHgW8p.

[16] CJEU, Joined cases C-368/20 and C-369/20, 26 April 2022, available at: http://bit.ly/3o41xd2.

[17] Council of State, Decision No 463850, 27 July 2022, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3I3BERa.

[18] Council of State, Decision No 499702, 7 March 2025, available in French here.

[19] Observatoire des libertés associatives, ‘Au mépris des droits. Enquête sur la répression de la solidarité avec les personnes éxilées aux frontières’, 18 November 2024, available in French here.

[20] Prime Minister, ‘Comité interministériel de contrôle de l’immigration’, Press release, 26 February 2025, available in French here.

[21] EMN, ‘Bilateral readmission agreements’, September 2022, available here. See also: GISTI, ‘Accords bilatéraux’, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3tCVLQb.

[22] Practice-informed observation by Forum-Réfugiés, including feedback from other NGOs, January 2025. See infra in this section.

[23] BBC, ‘Annual Channel migrant crossings highest since 2022’, 1st January 2026, available here.

[24] BBC, ‘How many people cross the Channel in small boats and how many claim asylum?’, 12 February 2025, available here.

[25] The Guardian, ‘Channel crossings: 45,756 people came to UK in small boats in 2022’, 1st January 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3ka44AK.

[26] BBC News, ‘Channel migrants: Crossings fell in 2023, government figures show’, 1^st January 2024, available at: https://bit.ly/4cuvsQs.

[27] University of Oxford, The Migration Observatory, ‘People crossing the English Channel in small boats’, 30 January 2026, available here.

[28] Préfet maritime de la Manche et de la Mer du Nord, ‘Bilan opérationnel de la préfecture maritime manche et mer du nord 2025’, 30 January 2026, available in French here.

[29] Euronews, ‘France : plus de 250 migrants traversent la Manche vers l’Angleterre’, 4 March 2026, available in French here ; and see IOM, Missing Migrants portal, available here.

[30] The Migration Observatory, ‘People crossing the English Channel in small boats’, 28 June 2024, available here.

[31] BBC, ‘Annual Channel migrant crossings highest since 2022’, 1st January 2026, available here.

[32] Gisti, ‘Contrôles frontaliers : l’ère des drones’, October 2023, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3PzPorj.

[33] La Presse de la Manche, ‘Surveillance du port de Cherbourg. Trois mois supplémentaires pour les drones’, 8 January 2025, available in French here.

[34] Assemblée nationale, ‘Commission d’enquête relative aux conséquences des accords du Touquet sur l’action publique et le respect des libertés et droits fondamentaux des personnes migrantes’, Minutes of the hearing held on 26 February 2026, available in French here.

[35] The Guardian, ‘‘One in, one out’: what has happened to asylum seekers forced to return to France?’, 19 February 2026, available in French here.

[36] Infomigrants, ‘Accord “un pour un” : 377 migrants expulsés vers la France et 380 envoyés au Royaume-Uni’, 13 March 2026, available in French here.

[37] InfoMigrants, ‘Italy-France border situation ‘serious’, says medical rights group MEDU’, 3 November 2021, available at: https://bit.ly/3TxLErB. See also, La Croix, ‘A la frontière franco-italienne, un périlleux “jeu du chat et de la souris”’, 12 December 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/4anNamK; InfoMigrants, ‘France : un jeune migrant retrouvé mort dans une rivière des Hautes-Alpes’, 31st of October 2023, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3TNP4rs; ECRE, ‘France: Evictions Continue amid Winter Emergency while Council of State Allows Preventing Media Access’, 12 February 2021, available at: https://bit.ly/3jRTbip.

[38] Tous migrants, ‘Pratiques policières du contrôle de la frontière : Un an de refoulements (pushbacks) et de déni de droits à la frontière franco-italienne dans le Briançonnais’, 18 January 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3TPOQjp.

[39] Street Press, ‘Dans les Alpes, la police abuse de son pouvoir pour expulser les exilés’, 14 February 2024, available in French at : https://bit.ly/43OdLaN.

[40] Préfecture des Alpes-Maritimes, ‘Bilan sécurité et délinquance 2025’, 19 February 2026, available in French here.

[41] France Bleu, ‘”Lutter avec détermination contre l’immigration irrégulière” c’est l’objectif du préfet des Alpes-Maritimes’, 11 February 2025, available in French here.

[42] Préfecture des Alpes-Maritimes, ‘Bilan sécurité et délinquance 2025’, 19 February 2026, available in French here.

[43] Le Dauphiné, ‘« Aucun mur n’est infranchissable » : une force frontière inefficace ?’, 28 January 2024, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3Trtyay.

[44] Le Point, ‘A la frontière franco-italienne, un périlleux “jeu du chat et de la souris”’, 12 December 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/4cuxtw0.

[45] BFM, “Le surcroît de travail est considérable”: dans les Hautes-Alpes, 237 migrants présents à la frontière sur une semaine, 18 September 2024, available in French here.

[46] InfoMigrants, ‘Dix ans de contrôle à la frontière franco-italienne : les associations dénoncent une “mise en danger” constante’, 16 June 2025, available in French here.

[47] Ligue des droits de l’homme Nice, ‘Liste des décès à la frontière entre Vintimille et Menton depuis 2015, Updated in February 2025, available in French here.

[48] Défenseur des droits, ‘Décision-cadre n°2024-061 relative au respect des droits des personnes migrantes à la frontière intérieure franco-italienne, 23 April 2024, available in French here.

[49] CGLPL, ‘Rapport de visite des locaux de la police aux frontières de Menton (Alpes-Maritimes) – Contrôle des personnes migrantes à la frontière franco-italienne’, June 2018, available in French at: http://bit.ly/2JjUpzY; National Consultative Commission for Human Rights (CNCDH), ‘Avis sur la situation des migrants à la frontière franco-italienne’, 18 June 2018, available in French at: https://bit.ly/41tSsZv.

[50] See e.g., Anafé, ‘Persona non grata : Conséquences des politiques sécuritaires et migratoires à la frontière franco-italienne’, January 2019, available in French at: https://bit.ly/2E2EJQ6; ECRE, ‘Access to asylum and detention at France’s borders’, June 2018, available at: https://bit.ly/2JaRrSu; La Cimade, ‘Dedans, dehors: Une Europe qui s’enferme’, June 2018, available in French at: https://bit.ly/2MrISQj; Forum réfugiés-Cosi, ‘Pour une pleine application du droit d’asile à la frontière franco-italienne’, 24 April 2017, available in French at: http://bit.ly/3A1nkEU.

[51] See e.g., Council of State, Decision No. 440756, 8 July 2020, available in French at: https://bit.ly/43s4Dbb; 20 Minutes, ‘Nice : La préfecture à nouveau épinglée pour des violations du droit d’asile à la frontière franco-italienne’, 3 March 2020, available in French at: https://bit.ly/39p6CTI; Administrative Court of Marseille, Order No. 1901068, 18 March 2019; Administrative Court of Nice, Order No. 1701211, 31 March 2017; Order No. 1800195, 22 January 2018; Order No. 1801843, 2 May 2018.

[52] Council of State, Decision No. 440756, 8 July 2020, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3acd5QQ.

[53] ANAFE, ‘À l’abri des regards – L’enfermement ex frame à la frontière franco-italienne’, September 2022, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3Is7RS4.

[54] MSF, ‘Denied Passage : The struggle of people stranded at the Italian-French border’, 4 August 2023, available at : https://bit.ly/3IXOBwF.

[55] Défenseur des droits, ‘Décision-cadre n°2024-061 relative au respect des droits des personnes migrantes à la frontière intérieure franco-italienne, 23 April 2024, available in French here.

[56] Médecins du Monde, ‘Hausse des refoulements des personnes exilées depuis Montgenèvre vers l’Italie : mise en danger aux portes de l’hiver’, 18 December 2024, available in French here.

[57] Idem.

[58] Committee against torture, Concluding observations on the 8th periodic report of France, CAT/C/FRA/CO/8, May 2025, available here.

[59] CAFI, A la frontière franco-italienne, des pratiques de contrôles et de renvois vers l’Italie, au mépris des droits fondamentaux des personnes exilées, June 2025, available in French here.

[60] CGLPL, Rapport de visite : 10 au 14 février 2025 – 4ème visite Locaux de la police aux frontières de Menton (Alpes-Maritimes), available in French here.

[61] CGLPL, Rapport de visite : 5 au 7 mai 2025 – 4ème visite Service de la police aux frontières territorial de Modane (Savoie), available in French here.

[62] Recommandations en urgence du 31 juillet 2025 relatives au service interdépartemental de la police aux frontières de Montgenèvre (Hautes-Alpes), NOR : CPLX2530377X, JORF n°0261, 6 November 2025, available in French here.

[63] Politis ‘Dans les Hautes-Alpes, la préfecture systématise des pratiques illégales contre des demandeurs d’asile’, 5 March 2026, available in French here.

[64] ECRE, ‘Access to asylum and detention at France’s borders’, June 2018, available at: https://bit.ly/2JaRrSu, 18-19.

[65] Council of State, Order No 411575, 5 July 2017, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3msP3vj.

[66] Council of Europe, CPT, ‘Rapport au Gouvernement de la République française relatif à la visite effectuée en France par le Comité européen pour la prévention de la torture et des peines ou traitements inhumains ou dégradants (CPT) du 23 au 30 novembre 2018’, 24 March 2020, available in French at: https://bit.ly/39rfnJw.

[67] ANAFE, ‘À l’abri des regards – L’enfermement ex frame à la frontière franco-italienne’, September 2022. Available in French at: https://bit.ly/3Is7RS4.

[68] 20 Minutes, ‘Bientôt un centre pour migrants à Menton ? « Nous allons armer des espaces en plus pour la PAF », rectifie le préfet‘, 18 September 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3TPLfSq.

[69] Défenseur des droits, ‘Décision-cadre n°2024-061 relative au respect des droits des personnes migrantes à la frontière intérieure franco-italienne, 23 April 2024, available in French here.

[70] ANAFE, ‘Des associations demandent la fin de l’enfermement indigne aux postes de la police aux frontières de Menton et de Montgenèvre’, 4 March 2026, available in French here.

[71] FranceInfo, ‘Plus de 8300 étrangers en situation irrégulière interpellés en 2025 : la hausse des contrôles aux frontières porte ses fruits’, 16 January 2026, available in French here.

[72] Le Parisien, ‘A la frontière franco-espagnole, migrants et passeurs plus que jamais dans le collimateur des autorités’, 17 January 2026, available in French here.

[73] JDD, ‘Submersion migratoire : la frontière franco-espagnole débordée face à l’afflux de migrants’, 6 March 2025, available in French here.

[74] InfoMigrants, ‘Pays basque : le Conseil d’État interdit l’usage de drones pour surveiller les migrants à la frontière espagnole’, 26 July 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3x8V1pX.

[75] L’Humanité, « Une femme soldat m’a demandé si j’avais vu passer “des marrons” » : à la frontière franco-espagnole la répression raciste envers les exilés s’intensifie’, 2 January 2025, available in French here.

[76] MSF, ‘Migrants trapped in relentless cycle of rejection on French-Spanish border’, 6 February 2019, available at: http://bit.ly/3L0ZVdh. See also Accem et al., ‘Augmentation des arrivées en Espagne : l’Europe doit sortir la réforme de Dublin de sa paralysie’, 4 December 2018, available in French at: http://bit.ly/3UFwcKa.

[77] MSF, ‘Migrants trapped in relentless cycle of rejection on French-Spanish border’, 6 February 2019, available at: http://bit.ly/3L0ZVdh.

[78] New York Times, ‘French Mayor Offers Shelter to Migrants, Despite the Government’s Objections’, 12 February 2019, available at: http://bit.ly/3UyOVXG.

[79] ANAFE, CAFI, ‘Contrôles migratoires à la frontière franco-espagnole : entre violations des droits et lutes solidaires’, 10 May 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/4avo8lE.

[80] Le Matin, ‘Corps d’un migrant retrouvé dans le fleuve qui sépare Espagne et France’, 18 June 2022, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3Z1u3cW.

[81] Arte TV, ‘France-Espagne : expulsion illégale de mirgants’, April 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/4audpbq.

[82] GISTI, ‘Recours contre l’arrêté du préfet des Pyrénées Atlantiques autorisant l’utilisation de drones pour la surveillance de la frontière franco-espagnole’, 27 September 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/49605sA.

[83] Confédération suisse, ‘La Suisse et la France unissent leurs forces pour lutter contre les migrations secondaires et les passeurs’, 27 October 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/4alkStm.

[84] Préfecture de Mayotte, ‘Lutte contre l’immigration clandestine’, 29 juin 2025, available in French here.

[85] Ministère des armées, ‘Surveillance maritime à Mayotte, une coordination interministérielle renforcée’’, 21 November 2024, available in French here.

[86] Lighthouse reports, ‘“They hit us and watched us drown”’, 16 September 2025, available here.

[87] Ministry of the Interior – statistics shared with NGOs ahead of the annual meeting on the operation of waiting areas, which took place in November 2025.

[88] Court of Auditors, ‘La politique de lutte contre l’immigration irrégulière’, 4 January 2024, available in French at : https://bit.ly/4a9jA4E.

[89] Ministry of the Interior – statistics shared with NGOs ahead of the annual meeting on the operation of waiting areas, which took place in November 2025.

[90] Ministry of the Interior – statistics shared with NGOs ahead of the annual meeting on the operation of waiting areas, which took place in November 2025.

[91] AFP, ‘Avion immobilisé dans la Marne : vingt-cinq ressortissants Indiens libérés par la justice de la zone d’attente‘, 27 December 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3VydLtl.

[92] ANAFE, Annual report 2019, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3a5GM6k, 66.

[93] ANAFE, Fermons les zones d’attente, January 2022, available in French at: https://bit.ly/339UjKt.

[94] ANAFE, ‘Lettre ouverte : l’Anafé appelle les parlementaires à visiter et fermer les zones d’attente [Communiqué de presse]’, 25 October 2022, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3kEBmbs.

[95] Ministère de l’Intérieur, ‘Compte-rendu de la réunion annuelle sur le fonctionnement des zones d’attente 2022’, 8 November 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3xdThMf.

[96] Ministère de l’Intérieur, ‘Compte-rendu de la réunion annuelle sur le fonctionnement des zones d’attente 2022’, 8 November 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3xdThMf.

[97] Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de liberté, ‘Rapport d’activité 2023’, July 2024, available in French here.

[98] UNHCR, Resettlement data finder (database), available at: https://bit.ly/43BaTO0.

[99] Idem.

[100] European network on migration (ENM) France, ‘Annual report’, April 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3x57Gds.

[101] UNHCR, Resettlement data finder (database), available at: https://bit.ly/43BaTO0.

[102] OFPRA, Activity report 2024, available in French here.

[103] OFPRA, ‘Bilan 2025 de l’OFPRA, 27 January 2026, available in French at : https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/actualites/bilan-2025-de-lofpra-une-activite-record-et-des-evolutions-contrastees

[104] EMN, Ad-Hoc Query on 2022.58 Resettlement, humanitarian admission and sponsorship programmes, July 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3U8uMJr, 39.

[105] Ministry of Interior, Instruction du 23 mai 2023 relative aux orientations de la politique d’accueil des réfugiés réinstallés pour l’année 2023 NOR : IOMV2313875J, available in French at : https://bit.ly/4a8ERM0.

[106] Council Implementing Decision (EU) 2025/2628 of 18 December 2025 on the Union Resettlement and Humanitarian Admission Plan (2026-2027), ST/16273/2025/INIT, available here.

[107] European parliament, ‘Overview of pledges for resettlement and humanitarian admission of Afghans, 2021-2022’, available at: https://bit.ly/3mfmP6s.

[108] Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Centre de crise et de soutien, Activity report 2022, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3KDMFv9.

[109] DIAIR, ‘Opération APAGAN : accueillir les réfugiés menacés par les Talibans’, 23 January 2023, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3UeEEQp.

[110] See for example : Le Monde, ‘La France accueille cinq Afghanes « menacées par les talibans »’, 4 September 2023, available in French at : https://bit.ly/3TAuiKs.

[111] IOM-UNHCR, Voluntary scheme for the relocation from Greece to other European countries, available at: https://bit.ly/370FDyL.

[112] European network on migration (ENM) France, ‘Annual report’, April 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3x57Gds.

[113] IOM, ‘EEA Relocation in 2022’, available at : https://bit.ly/3ISVMpN.

[114] OFPRA, ‘Activity report’, p.8, available in French at : https://bit.ly/49eglrk.

[115] OFPRA, ‘Premières données de l’asile 2023 [chiffres provisoires]’, 23 January 2024, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3xaPG1u.

[116] Conseil d’Etat, 9 July 2015, M. Allak, No. 391392, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3JW5LMj.

[117] Ministère de l’Intérieur, ‘Les étrangers en France – rapport au Parlement sur les données de l’année 2021’, 15 June 2023, available in French at: https://bit.ly/3JnxpRp.

[118] EMN, Ad-Hoc Query on 2022.58 Resettlement, humanitarian admission and sponsorship programmes, July 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3U8uMJr, 39.

[119] Sant Egidio, ‘Liban : Arrivée de nouvelles familles de réfugiés syriens à Roissy par les Couloirs humanitaires de Sant’Egidio’, 15 October 2024, available in French here.

[120] EMN, Ad-Hoc Query on 2022.58 Resettlement, humanitarian admission and sponsorship programmes, July 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3U8uMJr, 39.

[121] Le Figaro, ‘Paris reprend à bas bruit ses évacuations de Gazaouis vers la France’, 27 October 2025, available in French here.