Freedom of movement

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The freedom of movement of asylum applicants may be restricted for reasons of public order, public interest, or for the swift processing of the asylum application. Applicants coming from a Safe Country of Origin or those who received a return decision before making are an application may be affected. The necessity of assigned residence must be demonstrated on a case-by-case basis.[1] However, this restriction on freedom of movement is not a formal decision that can be appealed per se; it can only be challenged together with the asylum decision.

As of September 2023, freedom of movement was restricted in 4 cases and a procedural order following Art 15b AslyG was issued (2022: 2). There is no available information on the reasons for the restriction.[2] According to a parliamentary request from March 2025, there were no restrictions in 2024.[3]

Restricted movement during the admissibility procedure

After requesting asylum at the police, asylum applicants are apprehended for up to 48 hours, until the BFA branch office decides whether the asylum applicant should be transferred or advised to go to an initial reception centre or to a distribution centre.[4] Following that, during the admissibility procedure, asylum applicants may only move within the district of the assigned reception centre.[5] They receive a green card also known as procedure card, which indicates the tolerated stay in the district of the reception centre of the state. Asylum applicants are allowed to leave the district for necessary medical treatment or to appear in court. Dublin cases that are usually cared for in the initial reception centres of the Ministry of Interior may also be transferred to reception centres of the federal provinces.[6] Violations of this restriction of movement may be punished with fines varying between €100 and €1,000 or with detention of up to 2 weeks if payment of the fine cannot be enforced.[7] These restrictions of movement limit the access of asylum applicants to family members, friends and lawyers.

Asylum applicants whose application is admitted to the regular procedure receive the white card, which is valid until the final decision on the application and allows free movement in the entire territory of Austria.In the airport procedure, asylum applicants are not allowed to leave the designated area in the airport facilities onto Austrian territory. However, they remain free to leave by plane to another country.

Dispersal across federal provinces

Every federal province has to offer reception places according to its population. Asylum applicants are spread throughout the country to free reception places and according to their needs, for instance in places for unaccompanied minor asylum applicants, single women or persons living with disabilities. NGOs of federal provinces have claimed that information about necessary medical treatment or disability are not always communicated, with the result that asylum applicants are transferred to inadequate places.[8] However, asylum applicants have no possibility to choose the place where they will be accommodated according to the dispersal mechanism, although family ties are usually taken into consideration. Moreover, it is not possible to appeal the dispersal decision because it is an informal decision taken between the Ministry of Interior and the respective federal province. Upon taking office, there have been some positive signals from the CEO of the BBU GmbH to improve the clearing phase at the start of the reception process with the aim to detect vulnerabilities and to better communicate with the authorities providing basic care in the provinces. These ongoing talks have led to some results in practice, but significant improvements are still necessary. As part of the dispersal process, the BBU coordination office contacts the federal states and passes on all relevant information. Often, the basic care authorities do not pass on the full scope of information to the facilities providing care. However, federal states prefer that NGOs and BBU do not communicate directly with each other. Basic care authorities prefer communication in the dispersal process take place directly with the basic care authorities and BBU.[9]

Various organisations and individual worked on the topic of initial reception and further placement of applicants in the federal states, especially with regard to the identification and documentation of vulnerabilities and needs through dedicated health screening centres, in 2024. As part of a GÖG (Gesundheit Österreich Gmbh)[10] working group, experts from the Expert Group on psychosocial care for refugees prepared a paper entitled ‘Recommendations for action to improve the initial and ongoing psychosocial care of people seeking protection. Psychosocial aspects in the area of conflict between the interfaces between initial care and basic care in the federal states of refugees’.[11] Specifically, in addition to the proposal by Diakonie & Caritas (with the involvement of experts from the Red Cross, Samariterbund and Volkshilfe) for a dedicated health screening centres in the initial reception process,[12] the paper is a further professional recommendation for action to identify vulnerabilities for the initial and further care of refugees.

The distribution of Basic Care recipients – including some beneficiaries of protection – across the provinces as of 31 December 2024 was as follows:

Source: Basic care information system 2 January 2025, unpublished. Figures on quota and actual share are based on the total number of recipients of basic care.

The province of Vienna offers many more reception places than those foreseen by the quota system (see Types of Accommodation), while all other provinces have failed to provide enough places for several years. This discrepancy leads to negotiations between the responsible departments of the federal provinces, while the malfunctioning of the dispersal system overall raises public reactions. During the first months of operation of the BBU GmbH as federal basic care provider, the communication between the actors has improved. However, following increasing numbers of applicants in 2022, this positive trend stopped and resulted in overcrowded federal reception centres in 2022 and 2023. In 2023 and 2024, some federal facilities were closed and decommissioned due to a decline in asylum applications – overcrowded federal facilities were not an issue in 2024.

NGOs in the federal provinces reported several communication problems with the Basic Care Department of BBU GmbH. These concerned issues relating to the transition of people from reception centres to basic care facilities in the provinces, as there was a general lack of information about people with special needs and/or mental health issues. There was thus no transfer to specialised and dedicated facilities and, instead, vulnerable groups are sometimes transferred to regular facilities, which overburdened the relevant staff and increased logistical difficulties due to a lack of adequate equipment and infrastructure, incl. inadequate transport means (often occurring in the middle of the night and thus with no available staff upon arrival). In some cases, individuals were assigned to federal states without proper identification (i.e. the white card granted to asylum applicants upon registration). As regards the clothing allowance (€ 150/per person and year); most of it is spent quickly by the BBU agency, which hindered asylum applicants from receiving additional support from NGOs and led to frustration as they did not understand the functioning of the system. NGOs tried to secure clothes by way of donations, but the resources remain limited, and the agency is not officially allowed to accept donations. The specific issue of clothing was flagged to the agency which is trying to find a solution.[13]

Asylum applicants who are assigned to a province after admission to the asylum procedure are usually not transferred to other federal provinces, even if they wish to do so. Within the same province, asylum applicants may be placed in other reception centres for different reasons, for instance if another reception centre is better equipped to address the needs of the asylum applicant.

Many people who have lost their basic care benefits move on to Vienna with the hope to access basic care in the capital. A major point of contact for them is the Caritas asylum centre, which encourages readmissions in federal states and tries to ensure at least access to health insurance. In practice, only two reasons are accepted for a change of federal state: either because there are family members in another federal state or due to medical reasons. In addition, LGBTIQ persons are usually transferred to Vienna, where the NGO Queer Base[14] in Vienna provides specialised support.[15]

People who move on their own to another federal province without asking for permission are likely to lose their basic care benefits in their former federal province. In some federal states like Lower Austria and Salzburg people get ‘Quartier unstet’ Status in the GVS BIS System, which means that they are still health insured but have no access to accommodation or other benefits. As a result, it is hard to receive basic care again and applicants must prove that they still need assistance. This also applies to LGBTIQ cases or people with relevant health or mental issues.[16]

Asylum applicants often do not have enough money for travelling, as the monthly allowance for those living in reception centres is only € 40. If they stay away from their designated place (reception facility) without permission for more than three days, Basic Care will be withdrawn (see Reduction or Withdrawal of Material Reception Conditions). As discussed above, it is almost impossible to receive Basic Care in a province other than the designated province.

If grounds for detention of asylum applicants arise, an alternative to detention should be prioritised if there is no risk of absconding. Due to reporting duties – often imposed every day – and exclusion from pocket money allowance, however, asylum applicants subjected to alternatives to detention are in practice not able to make use of their freedom of movement.

[1] Article 15b AsylG, in force since 1 November 2017.

[2] Ministry of Interior, Answer to parliamentary request15847/AB, XXVII. GP, 21 November 2023, available in German here.

[3] Ministry of Interior, Answer to parliamentary request 630/AB, XXVIII GP, 19 May 2025, available in German here.

[4] Article 43(1) BFA-VG.

[5] Article 12 (2) AsylG.

[6] Article 2(1)(2) GVG-B.

[7] Article 121 FPG.

[8] asylkoordination österreich, NGO exchange meeting, unpublished.

[9] asylkoordination österreich, NGO exchange meeting, unpublished.

[10] Website of Gesundheit Österreich Gmbh, available in English here.

[11] GÖG, Recommendations for action to improve the initial and ongoing psychosocial care of people seeking protection, December 2024, available in German here.

[12] Diakonie Österreich et al., Pilotprojekt–Identifikation und Betreuung besonders vulnerabler Personen, available in German here.

[13] asylkoordination österreich, NGO exchange meeting December 2024, unpublished.

[14] See queerbase.at, available in German and English.

[15] asylkoordination österreich, NGO exchange meeting, unpublished.

[16] Nationwide NGO survey on basic services Dec 21/Jan 22 asylkoordination österreich, unpublished.