Author
The asylum procedure in Greece underwent substantial reforms throughout 2016, many of which were driven by the adoption of the EU-Türkiye statement of 18 March 2016.
Following the July 2019 elections, the new government announced a more restrictive policy on migration and asylum.[1] As a result, the national asylum legislation was radically re-amended. L. 4636/2019 (hereinafter International Protection Act / IPA), was adopted on 1 November 2019 and entered into force on 1 January 2020, replacing the previous legislation on asylum and reception.
The IPA has been repeatedly and heavily criticised by national and international human rights bodies, including the Greek Ombudsperson,[2] the Greek National Commission for Human Rights (GNCHR),[3] UNHCR,[4] and several civil society organisations.[5] It has been categorised, inter alia, as an attempt to lower protection standards and create unwarranted procedural and substantive hurdles for people seeking international protection. As noted by UNHCR, the new Law reduces safeguards for people seeking international protection and creates additional pressure on the overstretched capacity of administrative and judicial authorities. The agency stated inter alia that “as a result, asylum seekers may be easily excluded from the process without having their international protection needs adequately assessed. This may expose them to the risk of refoulement”.[6]
On 10 April 2020, four months after the entry into force of the new law, the Ministry of Migration and Asylum submitted a bill entitled “Improvement of migration legislation”, aiming at speeding up asylum procedures and at “responding to practical challenges in the implementation of the law”. The proposed amendment further weakens basic guarantees for persons in need of protection. Inter alia, the draft law increases the number of applications which can be rejected as manifestly unfounded and introduces a set of provisions that can lead to arbitrary detention of asylum seekers and third country nationals.[7] The draft law was adopted by the Parliament on 9 May 2020,[8] despite concerns from human rights bodies, including the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights and civil society organisations.[9] Further amendments were introduced by L. 4825/2021 and adopted in September 2021.
In June 2022, L. 4939/2022 “Ratification of the Code on reception, international protection of third-country nationals and stateless persons, and temporary protection in cases of mass influx of displaced persons” (hereinafter Asylum Code) was adopted by the parliament, mainly codifying amendments introduced after 2019 (i.e., IPA, etc.) in one piece of legislation.
First instance procedure
Since September 2022, Asylum applications need to be lodged in Malakasa and Diavata Reception and Identification Centres (RICs), in the south and north of Greece respectively. Subsequent applications are lodged before the Regional Asylum Offices (RAO) and Asylum Units (AU) across the country. The Asylum Service is also competent for applying the Dublin procedure, with most requests and transfers concerning family reunification in other Member States. The Asylum Service may be assisted by EUAA staff in registration and interviews. Effective access to the asylum procedure still remains an issue of concern. First instance decisions rejecting an asylum application also include a removal order or incorporate a previous removal decision if one had already been issued.
Following the issuance of the Joint Ministerial Decision (JMD) on 7 June 2021, which designated Türkiye as a safe third country for applicants from Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, Pakistan and Bangladesh,[10] applications submitted by applicants of these nationalities on the islands and in the mainland, are examined under the safe third country concept. In December 2021, the JMD was amended to include Albania and North Macedonia in the list of safe third countries.[11] Since then, application of the safe third country concept in these specific cases has been renewed via relevant JMDs,[12] which did not introduce further changes.
In a major legal development, on 27 February 2025, the Greek Council of State (CoS) officially annulled the JMD designating Türkiye as a safe third country, establishing that the underlying legal criteria had not been properly assessed. In blatant disregard of this ruling, on 9 April 2025, the government issued a new, identical JMD, re-designating Türkiye as a safe third country for applicants from Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh before the CoS judgment was even finalized or published. The new JMD was challenged before the Council of State by GCR and RSA in June 2025,[13] with the decision pending following a hearing on 4 November 2025.
A fast-track border procedure is applied to applicants subject to the EU-Türkiye statement, i.e., applicants arriving on the Eastern Aegean islands after 20 March 2016. This procedure takes place in the Reception and Identification Centres (RIC) where hotspots are established (Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Leros, Kos).
Appeal
First instance decisions of the Asylum Service are appealed before the Independent Appeals Committees under the Appeals Authority. An appeal must be lodged within 30 days in the regular procedure, 20 days in the accelerated procedure, in case of an inadmissibility decision or if the applicant is detained, 15 days in the Dublin procedure, 10 days in the border procedure and in the fast-track border procedure and five days in the case of an inadmissibility decision on a subsequent application.
Appeals submitted against decisions rejecting applications in the accelerated procedure or dismissed as inadmissible on certain grounds do not have an automatic suspensive effect. The procedure before the Appeals Committees is written.
An Application for Annulment against a negative second instance decision can be filed before the First Instance Administrative Court of Athens or Thessaloniki within 30 days from the notification. No automatic suspensive effect is provided and there is no tailored free legal aid.
[1] Amnesty International, Annual Report 2019, Greece, available at: https://bit.ly/2LDT5L6.
[2] Greek Ombudsman, Παρατηρήσεις στο σχέδιο νόμου του Υπουργείου Προστασίας του Πολίτη περί διεθνούς προστασίας, 23 October 2019, available in Greek at: https://bit.ly/2LAxCCH.
[3] GNCHR, Παρατηρήσεις της ΕΕΔΑ στο Σχέδιο Νόμου του Υπουργείου Προστασίας του Πολίτη «Περί Διεθνούς Προστασίας’, 24 October 2019, available in Greek at: https://bit.ly/3KPLpnH.
[4] UNHCR, UNHCR urges Greece to strengthen safeguards in draft asylum law, 24 October 2019, available at: https://bit.ly/3fXkm9j.
[5] See inter alia GCR, GCR’s comments on the draft bill “On International Protection” , 23 October 2019, available here; Amnesty International, Το προτεινόμενο σχέδιο νόμου για το άσυλο υποβαθμίζει την προστασίας και τα δικαιώματα των προσφύγων και παραβιάζει τα διεθνή πρότυπα, 24 October 2019, available in Greek at: https://bit.ly/3dWduqV, RSA, RSA Comments on the International Protection Bill, 21 October 2019, available at: https://bit.ly/2LCfJU7; Actionaid Greece et al, 15 civil society organisations call upon the Government to organise a substantial public consultation prior of voting the draft law on asylum, 31 October 2019, available in Greek at: https://bit.ly/2Zf4tFe; Amnesty International et al., Joint press conference regarding the draft law on asylum, 30 October 2019, available in Greek at: https://bit.ly/3bDUgVr.
[6] UNHCR, UNHCR’s Intervention at the hearing for actors to the Standing Committee of Public Administration, Public Order and Justice of the Hellenic Parliament regarding the Draft Law on the Improvement of Migration Legislation, 9 May 2020, available at: https://bit.ly/3dJEB8H.
[7] Ibid.; See also GCR, GCR’s comments on the draft law amending asylum legislation, 27 April 2020, available here ; RSA, RSAComments on the Reform of the International Protection Act, 23 April 2020, available at: https://bit.ly/2WrMwQR.
[8] L. 4686/2020, Gov. Gazette A’ 96 /12 May 2020; Amendments introduced by L. 4686/2020 in May 2020 are not included in the present report.
[9] Council of Europe, Commissioner for Human rights’s post on X, 7 May 2020, available at: https://bit.ly/3PLbmYf.
[10] Article 1 JMD 42799/2021 on the Determination of third countries designated as safe and establishment of a national list, as defined in Article 86 L. 4636/2019, available in Greek at: https://bit.ly/4aGni5U.
[11] Article 1 (B) and (C) JMD 458568/2021, available in Greek at: https://bit.ly/4aGnnGK.
[12] JMD 734214/2022, available in Greek at: https://bit.ly/3TMbGY3, and JMD 538595/2023, available in Greek at: https://bit.ly/3J4S24L, respectively.
[13] GCR & RSA, ‘Ministry of Migration and Asylum’s persistence on Turkey’s characterisation as a “Safe Third Country” for refugees returns to the Council of State’, 11 June 2025, available at: https://tinyurl.com/4nw3ey4z.