General

Responsibility for detention, including detention pending removal (Abschiebungshaft), lies with the Federal States. Asylum applicants are generally not detained as long as their application is not finally rejected and as long as they have permission to stay (Aufenthaltsgestattung). However, there are exceptions. In cases of applications which have been rejected as inadmissible or manifestly unfounded, a removal order may take effect regardless of legal remedy, unless a court grants an interim measure suspending such a removal. However, if applicants are detained at this point, they do not have the legal status of asylum applicants, as the asylum applicant’s permission to stay ceases to be valid once a removal order becomes enforceable.^[1] Accordingly, within the meaning of German law, detention is only ordered once an asylum application has been finally rejected or in the context of a Dublin transfer.[2] However, with the entry into force of the Act on the Improvement of Removals on 27 February 2024, asylum applicants can now be detained if grounds for detention apply at the time when they lodged their application. This is relevant notably for cases where persons file a subsequent application in order to avoid imminent removal (see Legal framework of detention). Another change of the Residence Act introduced in 2020 had already allowed for the ‘preparatory’ detention of persons who are subject to an entry ban and present ‘a significant danger to their own or others’ lives, or to internal security or have been convicted for criminal offences, including asylum applicants (see below).

If an asylum application is lodged after a person has been taken into detention pending removal, this does not necessarily lead to a release and detention may be upheld for a period of 4 weeks (see Grounds for detention). The application is filed in written form to the BAMF, who then designates the responsible branch office.^[3] The personal interview may take place in detention during that period. There are no special rules applicable for an interview in detention and the asylum applicants have the same rights and obligations as in any other interview carried out in a branch office of the BAMF. All interviews with detained applicants are conducted by the BAMF in person. Available statistics on detention pending removal do not provide information on the number of people who have applied for asylum while in detention.

In Dublin cases, asylum applications are rejected without any examination of the substance of the case and applicants are referred to another Member State to carry out their asylum procedure. Detention of asylum applicants therefore may occur in Dublin cases to prepare the transfer to the responsible Member State if grounds for detention exist (see Grounds for detention Pre-removal detention (Abschiebungshaft) (including Dublin removal)). Transfers are usually preceded by arrests and police custody, which usually lasts for a very short period since many people are transferred on the same day.

Germany’s National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the CEAS reform, published by the Federal Ministry of the Interior in December 2024, sets out a strategy of early implementation (Frontloading): the Federal Government decided to advance necessary legislative and administrative adjustments “as early as possible” ahead of the June 2026 application date of the Pact instruments, so as to provide administrative authorities with legal certainty and sufficient lead time. The NIP explicitly includes pilots linking border controls to accelerated, detention-based Dublin procedures and acknowledges that existing structures can be built upon at a technical level. The Munich pilot, launched in 2025, goes beyond this: persons identified via EURODAC as having been registered in another EU Member State are placed directly in a removal detention facility and processed for an accelerated Dublin transfer under shortened deadlines. This operationalises elements of the new Asylum Procedures Regulation and Reception Conditions Directive before those instruments have entered into force – and before they are authorised under the existing Reception Conditions Directive (2013/33/EU). At the same time, detention remains inadmissible where transfer obstacles are known (e.g., capacity issues in Italy), underscoring the continuing relevance of proportionality requirements.[4]

The majority of the Federal States (9 out of 16) do not differentiate in their statistics between detention in the context of a Dublin transfer or a return decision. Nevertheless, the last available statistics provided by the other seven Federal States in 2021 indicate that persons detained for a Dublin transfer made up between 0% and 25% of all detainees in 2020,^[5] with an overall average of 20.8% (2019: average of 30.8%, 2018: average of 34.4%).^[6] Available statistics also indicate that the number of Dublin transfers preceded by detention is relatively low, albeit with large differences between Federal States: between 0.8% and 50% of all Dublin transfers were preceded by detention in 2020.^[7] Between January and November 2025, 5,112 persons were transferred following a Dublin procedure, compared to 5,827 in 2024, 5,053 in 2023, 4,158 in 2022, 2,656 in 2021, 2,953 in 2020 and 8,423 in 2019 (see Dublin).[8]

Pre-removal detention facilities existed in twelve Federal States in 2025 (Place of detention). The capacity of these detention facilities has increased significantly in recent years, from around 400 places in 2016 to 821 available places at the beginning of 2022 (see Place of detention).^[9] As of December 2025, the capacity is at 810 places available.

Available facility-level oversight and government reporting suggest that detention capacity is often not fully used, including due to staffing and operational constraints. For example, the Schleswig-Holstein State Audit Office reported that the available places at the Glückstadt facility were, in practice, only up to around 60% utilised and it explicitly questioned the need to expand usable capacity under these conditions.[10] In addition, according to figures from the Hessian Interior Ministry reported by dpa, the average utilisation of the 80 places in the Darmstadt‑Eberstadt removal detention facility was 58% in 2025.[11]

Furthermore, there are no studies by the Federal Government on whether more frequent use of pre-removal detention leads to more deportations. Complementing this, a November 2025 analysis by Mediendienst Integration (based on data requests to Federal States ministries and additional sources) finds that the available data does not show a proportional relationship between the number of detentions and the number of deportations. The analysis notes that both detentions and deportations have tended to increase over the last five years, and links this, inter alia, to the rise in asylum applications between 2021 and 2023 and the resulting increase in persons being required to leave following negative asylum decisions. It further observes that – similar to the period after 2015 – between 2022 and 2024 the number of deportations of third-country nationals increased largely in parallel with the number of “orders to leave” (return decisions) recorded in available statistics.

The high number of removals and the comparably low capacity of pre-removal detention facilities indicate that the vast majority of removals and Dublin transfers are carried out within a few hours or during the same day. This enables the authorities to put persons who are obliged to leave the country in short-term custody for which no formal detention order has to be issued by a court.

Source: Statista, ‘Anzahl der Abschiebungen aus Deutschland von 2014 bis 2024’, last updated February 2025, consulted 18 April 2025, available here; Mediendienst Integration, “Wie viele Abschiebungen und freiwillige Ausreisen gibt es?“, 19 February 2026, available in German here.

Source: Federal Government, Reply to parliamentary question by The Left, 19/31669, 4 August 2021, available in German at: https://bit.ly/4awfTGM (Data for 2017-2020), Mediendienst Integration, “Im großen Stil” abschieben?, 23 October 2023, available in German at https://bit.ly/3tPuZqp (Data for 2021-2022), and data obtained by the Mediendienst Integration from Federal State authorities (Data for 2023). Please note that the data for the years 2021 – 2023 are not complete as not all Federal States replied to the query (i. e. no data were provided for the facility at Berlin airport). In addition, there might be over- or undercounting due to different reporting practices by the different Federal States.

While no nation-wide numbers for persons detained for removal or Dublin transfer are available for the year 2025, some state-specific numbers for the first half of 2025 exist: North Rhine-Westphalia reported 889 persons in removal detention, Bavaria 1,033, Rhineland-Palatinate 277, and Hesse 370, contributing to a nationwide trend of increased detention under the Act on the Improvement of Removals.[12]

Legal changes as a result of the ‘enforcement deficit’ debate

Despite the stable number of removals over the last years prior to the Covid-19 outbreak, an alleged ‘enforcement deficit’ had become the subject of a heated political debate since 2017, as the authorities were being criticised for their failure to carry out removals.^[13] The debate continued in the past years and led to numerous restrictive reforms in 2017, 2019, 2020, 2022 and 2024, and a demand for increased use of detention in the removal procedure.

The latest reform, the Act on the Improvement of Removals, entered into force on 27 February 2024. The reform involves changes in the legal framework for detention. According to the government, it aimed to facilitate the enforcement of removals by eliminating “obstacles” in response to rising asylum applications. In 2025, 22,787 deportations were carried out (of which 3,628 were minors), marking a 13,5% increase from 20,084 in 2024 (2023 prior to the reform: 16,430).[14] However, whether this surge is a direct result of the reform remains speculative.

Reasons for failed removals

In 2025, a total of 34,448 removals failed.^[15] This does not mean that all 34,448 persons were not returned, however, since authorities often carry out another removal attempt after the failed one.^[16] The reasons for failure to carry out removals were as follows:

Parliamentary reporting continued to highlight persistent practical impediments to removals and transfers, including high numbers of failed removal attempts and obstacles around documentation/identity issues and coordination.[17] The reasons for failure to carry out removals were as follows:

Source: Federal Government, Reply to parliamentary question by the AfD, 21/4403, 26 February 2026, available in German here.

The above statistics show that the most common reason for failed removal attempts was that the transfer simply did not take place, including same-day cancellations (21,341 cases). This suggests that a significant number of removals fail at a late procedural stage, although the precise reasons often remain unspecified. In addition, more than 11,184 removals were cancelled proactively by the authorities through the withdrawal of the removal request. With these two categories alone accounting for the vast majority of failed removals, the available figures indicate that a broad range of structural and logistical reasons contribute to the high number of failed removal attempts. By contrast, cases where the person actively resisted (87 cases) or attempted to escape (only 35 cases) were relatively rare. Since removals are not announced to the persons concerned, it is also likely that persons can simply not be found on the date of the scheduled removals, due to them staying at another place rather than because they are deliberately avoiding arrest.^[18] Nevertheless, despite the lack of empirical evidence, the comparatively high number of cancellations of removal attempts is often associated with the absconding of the persons concerned.^[19]

Statistics on removals from detention also show that an increase in detention is not necessarily associated with a higher number of removals.[20] In addition, there are strong differences between the Federal States in how often detention actually results in a removal: by way of example, in North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate, four out of five people detained in the first half of 2023 were also removed, while the ration is only one out of ten in Saxony.[21] Nonetheless, over the past years, requests for more frequent use of detention pending removal in the political debate resulted in several legislative reforms since 2015, of which the ones adopted over the past four years are briefly presented here.[22] August 2019 saw the entry into force of the Second Act for an Improved Enforcement of the Obligation to Leave the Country (Zweites Gesetz zur besseren Durchsetzung der Ausreisepflicht, also known as the ‘Orderly Return Act’/Geordnete-Rückkehr-Gesetz). The law expanded authorities’ power to access private apartments and to arrest persons to be removed, expanded the grounds for detention and introduced a new form of ‘detention to enforce the obligation to cooperate’ with authorities (Mitwirkungshaft. Section 62 VI Residence Act; for details see the 2019 Update to the AIDA Country Report for Germany).^[23]

The numerous and increasingly restrictive legal changes in previous years continued with a new detention provision in Section 62c Residence Act adopted in November 2020 and an extension of detention possibilities for criminal offenders which entered into force on 31 December 2022 (see Grounds for detention). In October 2023, the Federal Government issued a proposal for an additional reform of detention and the return procedure in the Act on Improving Deportation Procedures (Rückführungsverbesserungsgesetz).[24] The bill, which inter alia would expand detention grounds and duration, was voted on in parliament on 18 January 2024 and entered into force in February 2024 (see Legal framework of detention).[25]

^[1] Section 67 Asylum Act.

[2] For an overview of cases in which detention can be ordered during an asylum procedure, see Friederike Haberstroh, Detention and Alternatives to Detention. Study by the German National Contact Point for the European Migration Network (EMN). Working Paper 92 of the Research Centre of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees, available at: https://bit.ly/41IjHRv, 10.

^[3] Section 14(2) Asylum Act.

[4] BGH, Decision of 17 December 2025 – XIII ZB 8/23, available in German here.

^[5] Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland Plaatinate, Saxony, Saxony Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia.

^[6] Federal Government, Reply to parliamentary question by The Left, 19/31669, 4 August 2021, available in German at: https://bit.ly/4awfTGM. 109-123

^[7] Bremen: 4 transfers out of detention (50% of all transfers); North Rhine Westphalia: 119 transfers out of detention (15.5% of all transfers), Saxony: 1 transfer out of detention (1.5% of all transfers),Saxony Anhalt: 5 transfers out of detention (0.8% of all transfers), Schleswig-Holstein: 3 transfers out of detention (4% of all transfers), Thuringia: 5 transfers out of detention (6.3% of all transfers), see Federal Government, Reply to parliamentary question by The Left, 19/31669, 4 August 2021, available in German at: https://bit.ly/4awfTGM.

[8] Statista, ‘Überstellungen von Asylbewerbern aus und nach Deutschland bis 2024’, available here; Mediendienst Integration, “Wie viele Abschiebungen und freiwillige Ausreisen gibt es?“, 12 January 2026, available in German here.

^[9] Paula Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, Return Policy in Germany in the Context of EU Rules and Standards, Study by the German National Contact Point for the European Migration Network (EMN), Working Paper 80, BAMF Research Centre, March 2018, available here, 38.

[10] Schleswig-Holstein State Audit Office, Bemerkungen des Landesrechnungshofs Schleswig-Holstein, 29 April 2025, available in German here.

[11] Die Zeit, ‘Migration: Hessens Abschiebehaftplätze zu 58 Prozent ausgelastet‘, 13 August 2025, available in German here.

[12] Mediendienst Integration, ‘Wie viele Personen sind in Abschiebungshaft?’, 2 December 2025, available in German here.

^[13] Deutsche Welle, How do removals work in Germany?, 16 July 2018, available at: https://bit.ly/2Hhh3uM.

[14] Federal Government, Reply to parliamentary question by The Left, 21/4103, 11 February 2026, available in German here.

^[15] Federal Government, Reply to parliamentary question by the AFD, 20/15103, 11 March 2025, available in German here.

^[16] PRO ASYL, Das angebliche »Abschiebungsvollzugsdefizit«: Statistisch fragwürdig, aber gut für Schlagzeilen, 14 July 2020, available in German at: https://bit.ly/3XLnGtl.

[17] Federal Government, Reply to parliamentary question by the AFD, 21/1532, 9 September 2025, available in German here.

^[18] Thomas Hohlfeld, Brief analysis of the Federal Government’s reply 19/17100, 20 March 2020, available here.

^[19] DIE ZEIT, ‘Mehr als jede zweite Abschiebung gescheitert’, 24 February 2019, available here.

[20] Mediendienst Integration, “Im großen Stil” abschieben?, 23 October 2023, available in German at: https://bit.ly/3tPuZqp and Victoria Rietig and Mona Lou Günnewig, Deutsche Rückkehrpolitik und Abschiebungen. Zehn Wege aus der Dauerkrise, DGAP Analyse, May 2020, available in German at: https://bit.ly/41PPlwm.

[21] Mediendienst Integration, “Im großen Stil” abschieben?, 23 October 2023, available in German at: https://bit.ly/3tPuZqp.

[22] For an overview of the legal changes between 2015 and 2020, see Friederike Haberstroh, Detention and Alternatives to Detention. Study by the German National Contact Point for the European Migration Network (EMN). Working Paper 92 of the Research Centre of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees, available at: https://bit.ly/41IjHRv, 13-18.

^[23] AIDA, Country Report Germany – Update on the year 2019, July 2020, available at: https://bit.ly/3GlpjEQ, 107.

[24] Federal Government, Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Verbesserung der Rückführung (Rückführungsverbesserungsgesetz), 20/9463, available in German at: https://bit.ly/3tBmMGr.

[25] For the current state of the legislative procedure, see Federal Ministry of the Interiour, Gesetzgebungsverfahren – Gesetzentwurf zur Verbesserung der Rückführung. available in German at: https://bit.ly/48AIaKw.