Reduction or withdrawal of reception conditions

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The Reception Regulations state that reception conditions may be withdrawn or reduced where the asylum applicants abandon their established place of residence without providing information or consent or where they do not comply with reporting duties, request to provide information, or to appear for personal interviews concerning the asylum procedure, and finally when an applicant has concealed financial resources and has therefore unduly benefited from material reception conditions.[1]

The Regulations state that such decisions shall be taken “individually, objectively and impartially and reasons shall be given” with due consideration to the principle of proportionality.

The decision to reduce or withdraw material receptions conditions is taken by AWAS or DS, if the applicant is detained.

According to AWAS, if a resident has not signed at the ‘designated’ open centre for 3 weeks, their place is reclaimed at the centre.[2] Cases of termination when failing to comply with rules are very rare and implemented in extreme cases. AWAS indicated that less than 5 persons were evicted in 2020 for such reason. For 2024, AWAS indicated that the Agency does not collect data relating to reduction or withdrawal decisions.

Asylum applicants may appeal these decisions before the Immigration Appeals Board, in accordance with the Receptions Regulations and the Immigration Act.[3] However, this remedy is considered to be inaccessible in practice due to the lack of information and the extremely stringent deadlines to file the appeal: 3 days.

According to AWAS, during 2023 the total number of decisions reducing or withdrawing reception conditions was solely attributed to the end of contracts. There were no instances where conditions were withdrawn or reduced other than this ground. For 2024, AWAS stated that this data is not collected.

Evictions and Homelessness

Single men are allowed to remain in the reception centres for no more than six months, while families benefit from a one-year contract. AWAS indicated that is it working closely with the communities to find alternative accommodation for applicants.

Residents receive a written reminder to leave, six weeks before the end of their contract. AWAS indicated that the list of people evicted is always reviewed by social workers and the psychosocial team.

People are entitled to challenge that eviction with AWAS, and the decision is internally reviewed by a care team and management, although no guidelines or documents on this procedure are publicly available. According to NGOs, AWAS might reconsider such decisions on a case-by-case basis depending on the vulnerability of the applicant.[4]

Families are requested to leave after a year and upon assessment and if needed they can receive financial assistance for the first three more months. According to the Ministry, their contract with AWAS could also be extended.[5]

Upon arrival, applicants are briefed about the reception rules and the length of their stay in the reception centre. They are also made to sign an Agreement with AWAS covering their stay.

Nevertheless, such evictions remain a major problem in Malta where accommodation is very hard to secure due to high prices in a largely unregulated private rental market, and due to the fact that landlords are usually extremely reluctant to rent accommodation to non-nationals, particularly from specific countries. Thus, these evictions often result in homelessness.[6] This continued in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024. However, there have been cases where AWAS have extended contracts of those who were identified as vulnerable in some way. This includes homelessness as a vulnerability.

According to official data published by the Social Affairs Ministry, homelessness further increased in 2023 with non-Maltese nationals particularly affected by the problem. The data shows that, in the first six months of 2023 the social welfare agency APPOĠĠ handled 667 cases of homelessness, of which 369 were non-Maltese nationals.[7] No data was available for 2024.

A 2023 report by the YMCA zoomed in on the several causes of homelessness amongst the migrant population.[8] According to the report, homelessness among migrants in Malta is primarily driven by bureaucratic barriers, misinformation, and systemic exclusion. Many migrants struggle to access services due to red tape, language barriers, and delays in asylum processing. The six-month limit in open centres often ends without sustainable employment or housing solutions, leaving individuals vulnerable. Exploitative working conditions, tied work permits, and inflated or discriminatory rental practices further exacerbate the risk. Migrants often lack legal status or the ability to change it, excluding them from rent subsidies and decent work, while racism and precarious living conditions heighten their marginalisation and instability.

Moreover, due to the delays in processing asylum applications, individuals are usually evicted while they are still considered applicants for international protection holding only a three-month renewable asylum-seeker document. This makes it difficult for them to find employment and accommodation, with the monthly €130.48 (covering 28 days) allowance not being sufficient to find a place to rent. The introduction of the new policy restricting access to the labour market for asylum applicants hailing from countries listed as safe has caused new difficulties for asylum applicants whose contracts in the open centres end but are not allowed to find regular employment before they have been in the country for 9 months.

In 2020, authorities constantly and publicly stated that Malta had no more capacity to welcome migrants. The Foreign Affairs Minister stated in May 2020 that “centres are full and we have no place for more migrants”. However, it was pointed out by NGOs on several occasions that Malta failed to build the expected new centre mainly funded by the EU.[9] As of January 2025, the new centre has not yet been built and it remains unclear what has happened to the EU funds that had been allocated to this project.

As mentioned above, at the end of 2023 and 2024 the Agency was accommodating the following number of persons:

Essentially, throughout 2023 and 2024 Malta’s open centres were virtually empty with a residency of a mere 10% of available capacity. This was mainly due to the extremely low number of arrivals, as explained above, related to Malta’s harsh policy on preventing access to the territory. Contrary to what would be expected in such a situation, 2023 did not see the Government increasing investment in community-based schemes or integration measures.

Both aditus and JRS indicated that, for 2023, they did not file appeals against withdrawal or reduction of reception conditions, due to lack of capacity and the decision to prioritise more pressing concerns.[11]

[1] Regulation 13 of the Reception Regulations, S.L. 420.06 .

[2] Information provided by AWAS, January 2021.

[3] Regulation 16(1) of the Reception Regulations, S.L. 420.06 , taken in conjunction with Article 25A(7) of the Immigration Act, Chapter 217 .

[4] Information provided by Home Affairs Ministry in January 2024.

[5] Information provided by Home Affairs Ministry in January 2024.

[6] Times of Malta, ‘Migrants end up homeless as centres overflow’, 2 July 2020, available at: https://bit.ly/3tDzPkS.

[7] Newsbook, Social cases double between 2012 and 2022, 12 March 2024, available at: https://tinyurl.com/343sa8hm.

[8] YMCA Malta Platform Against Homelessness, Home Inclusration, February 2023, available at: https://tinyurl.com/ptsu9fbp.

[9] The Shift, ‘Malta risks losing €5 million EU funds for “unbuilt” migrant centre, PM to detain migrants offshore’, 4 September 2020, available at: https://bit.ly/3vOpIf4.

[10] Five refugees, 139 applicants, 21 beneficiaries of subsidiary protection, 21 THP beneficiaries, 37 rejected applicants.

[11] Information provided by JRS Malta in June 2024.