Author
The Italian reception system for asylum applicants and beneficiaries of national/international protection is governed by Legislative Decree 142/2015 (from now on “Reception Decree”), which transposed into national law the 2013 recast Reception Directive. The model the Reception Decree initially outlined created a common reception system, articulated in different phases but centred on the Reception and Integration System (SAI) as the standard form of reception of asylum applicants. Since 2015, the regulatory text has undergone several reforms, the latest of which through law 50/2023, which inter alia once again excluded most asylum applicants from the SAI system (see Criteria and restrictions to access reception conditions) and introduces a new type of “provisional centres” (see Types of accommodation) and law 187/2024, which introduced priority access to reception for people rescued at sea, and excluded from reception measures those who seek asylum 90 days after their irregular entry into the national territory.
Overall, the picture that currently emerges is that of a fragmented reception system, divided into different reception places with different reception measures to which foreign nationals are sent according to the stage of access to the asylum procedure, or the way they enter the territory, or their psychophysical conditions.
The reception system is therefore now composed, on the one hand, of structures intended for those seeking international protection, i.e. centres for identification and aid purposes (hotspots), government reception centres, temporary centres (CAS) and provisional temporary centres (CASP) and, on the other hand, structures of the SAI system, that only holders of international or national protection are able to access, in addition to unaccompanied foreign minors, asylum seekers identified as vulnerable and asylum seekers who entered Italy legally through government resettlements or humanitarian corridors.
The state of emergency, declared in response to “the exceptional increase in the flows of migrant people entering the national territory via the Mediterranean migratory routes”, first introduced in April 2023, was extended until April 2025. Then, Ordinance No. 1170 of 5 November 2025 issued by the Italian Civil Protection Department, provided for the continuation of residual measures adopted under the migration-emergency framework, by transferring responsibility for completing pending activities to the Ministry of the Interior, and by maintaining the operation of the special accounting fund until 10 April 2027.[1] In practice, the ordinance preserves the emergency regime’s extraordinary financial architecture to enable the completion of already initiated measures, including payments, commitments, and the administrative closure of the intervention, through contabilità speciale No. 6400 established pursuant to Article 6(2) of the previous Ordinance No. 984/2023.
However, DL 23/2026 converted by L 54/2026 stated that, to ensure the effective implementation of the EU Pact on Asylum, the Ministry of the Interior is authorised, until 31 December 2028, to derogate, for the siting, construction, acquisition, completion, adaptation, and renovation of facilities and infrastructure intended for the assistance, reception, and detention of foreign nationals, from any legal provision other than criminal law, subject to compliance with the provisions of the Code of Anti-Mafia Laws and Preventive Measures, as well as with the mandatory requirements arising from membership in the European Union.[2]
Accommodation for people escaping the Ukrainian conflict
See Annex on Temporary Protection.
Financing, coordination and monitoring
Financing
As reported by the Senate, the MOI expenditure earmarked for migrants (chapter 2351, program no. 2) provides an allocation of approximately 1,022 million euros for 2025 and 995 million for 2026 and 2027, respectively. For SAI, the resources allocated to the relevant chapter of the Ministry of the Interior (Chapter 2352) amount to €705.6 million for 2025.[3]
In attributing responsibility for the creation of reception centres, hotspots and CPR to the Ministry of Defence, Decree Law 124/2023 (converted into L. 162/2023) also established a specific fund with an allocation of 20 million euros to the Ministry of Defence[4] for 2023, and authorised the expenditure of 1,000,000 euros per year[5] starting from 2024 as a contribution to the functioning of the reception and repatriation structures as well as a specific expenditure of 400,000 euros just for 2023 for the costs deriving from the establishment and functioning of the related technical structures to the preliminary stages of construction (preparation of areas, security and surveillance).
DL 133/2023 introduced a financial measure to support municipalities affected by significant arrivals of migrants within a short period of time on their territory, providing that waste collection connected to the activities of government centres, hotspots and the transit of migrants in municipalities located near the border with other EU states can be financed by the territorially competent Prefect until 31 December 2025. For this activity, DL 133/2023 foresaw a maximum expenditure of 500,000.00 euros for 2023 and 2,000,000.00 for each of the years 2024 and 2025.[6]
DL 145 of 18 October 2023, converted in L. 191/2023, provided for the establishment of a Ministry of the Interior fund for the reception of migrants and minors of 46,859 million euros for the year 2023[7] and authorised, for extraordinary first aid emergencies, a 1,000,000 euros expenditure for 2023.[8]
Later, the 2024 Budget Law stated that the fund is refinanced in the amount of 172,739,236 euros for the year 2024, 269,179,697 euros for the year 2025 and 185,000,000 euros for the year 2026.[9] The 2025 Budget Law[10] provided for an increase of the MOI resources for expenses relating to migrant reception centres of 200 million euros for 2025.
The 2026 Budget Law does not provide for any further allocation of funds for reception measures. While maintaining the allocation established by the 2024 Budget Law, it expressly authorizss the Minister of Economy and Finance to make, through his own decrees, the necessary budget adjustments provided by the 2019 Bilance Law (Article 1 (767) Law No. 145 of 2018) (which stated that the Ministry of the Interior shall carry out processes of review and rationalization of expenditure for the management of immigration centres, as well as interventions to reduce the daily cost for the accommodation of migrants, with savings related to the activation, leasing and management of detention and accommodation centres for irregular foreigners amounting to at least 650 million euros per year from 2021).[11]
Albania
As regards the project in Albania, the Government estimated, for the reception provided there, an annual fee to be paid to the managing body of approximately €34 million.[12] Furthermore, in the technical report, the estimated cost for the operation over 5 years is of approximately 653 million euros.[13] Responding to a question in the Chamber of Deputies on 16 October 2024, the Minister of the Interior confirmed that the funding allocation for Albanian centres consists of 134 million per year for a period of 5 years but also added that the necessary costs could prove to be higher depending on the trend of migration flows.[14]
Between mid-October and the end of December 2024, ActionAid verified that the expenditure for just five days of actual operation amounted to €570,000.[15]
Funding for the reception system expansion due to the Ukrainian and Afghan crisis
For further information on this, see previous updates to this countries report available here.
Management and Coordination
The Ministry of Interior is responsible for the overall management of the national reception system,[16] while its peripheral administrations, Prefectures or Local Government Bureaus, oversee reception at the provincial level.
The law provides for a National Coordination Table to be set up at the Ministry of the Interior (Department for Civil Liberties and Immigration) and for Regional Coordination Tables to be established at every Prefecture of the regional capitals.[17] The National Table is responsible, among others, for defining the guidelines and planning the interventions aimed at optimising the reception system. This includes the criteria for regional allocation of posts to be allocated to reception. The Table develops, on a yearly basis, a national reception plan that identifies national reception needs, based on projections for new arrivals.[18]
Guidelines and programming prepared by the Table are then to be implemented at territorial level through the Regional coordination tables, which identify the location criteria for CARA and CAS facilities as well as the distribution criteria within the Region of the places to be allocated to reception purposes, taking into account the places already activated, in the territory of reference, within the SAI system. In the perspective of national coordination and multi-level governance of reception, several institutional acts have also been taken, beginning with the approval of a National Operational Plan by the Unified Conference[19] of 10 July 2014,[20] which represented a first attempt to develop a system of planning, organisation and national management of the reception of migrants and refugees. The fundamental aspect on which the implementation of the Plan was based was the progressive overcoming of the emergency-focused management that had characterised the Italian reception system until then.
In practice, at least as regards the reception of applicants and protection holders, Italian governments have often shown a chronic lack of foresight in contingency planning for reception, as well as a tendency to centralise decisions on the reception system and to minimise consultation and co-decision with other stakeholders. This is evident from the fact that, as recently as 2023, the Government reception system was once again unprepared for the growing number of asylum applicants to be accommodated, meaning new centres had to be opened in haste, while an incalculable number of people was left homeless and without any assistance.[21] Moreover, most decisions on this matter were taken by the central government without consulting other relevant actors.[22] These two levels influence each other: without proper multiannual planning coordinated with local realities, the reception system as a whole cannot be stabilised, let alone improved. Conversely, the Government frequently finds itself in urgent and unforeseen need for thousands of new places, which cannot wait for the lengthy process of consulting and involving local actors.[23] The most recent example of an attempted solution is the the state of emergency declared on 11 April 2023, then extended every six months, most recently from October 2024 to April 2025.[24]
According to the national government, this measure was necessary to ensure the proper management of reception needs following disembarkations, but the Italian regions were not involved in the decision-making process. Rather than improving the organisation of the reception system, the state of emergency made it possible to use streamlined procedures for direct awards, without all the safeguards of public tenders.
On 30 December 2024, the Council of State rejected the appeal submitted by a lawyer member of ASGI to obtain access to the documents justifying the declaration of the state of emergency.[25]
Monitoring
Legislation provides that the Ministry of Interior (Department of Civil Liberties and Immigration) is responsible for supervising and monitoring the management of reception facilities, both directly and via local Prefectures. Prefectures may also make use of the services of the social services of the relevant municipality.[26] Monitoring activities concern the quality of the services provided, as well as the procedures for awarding reception services contracts. Although the Ministry is required to present the results of this monitoring in the comprehensive report on reception that it must submit to Parliament by 30 June each year, major delays were reported for 2020 and 2021 (the 2020 report was only presented in October 2022, while the 2021 report was presented at the end of November 2022).[27] No other reports on this matter were published in the following years, and no data is available on monitoring activities carried out by Prefectures.
From the most recent data available, it emerges that in 2021, 1,081 inspection controls were carried out in person (involving 950 facilities) and 2,224 (involving 561 facilities) were carried out remotely. These 3,305 controls would therefore have concerned 1,511 structures, out of a total of 4,225 structures active in 2021 (less than 36% of the total).[28] Remote monitoring was considered necessary, as in 2020, as a result of distancing and isolation measures derived from the Covid-19 pandemic.[29]
Data on inspections carried out in 2022, 2023 2024 and 2025 is not publicly available.
Reception monitoring is characterised by a lack of transparency. In July 2020, Actionaid submitted a request for access to the documents concerning the inspections carried out by the Ministry of the Interior. The Ministry rejected the request on grounds of confidentiality and protection of managers. Following two appeals, in June 2022 the Council of State ultimately ordered the Ministry of the Interior to make the 2019 data available.[30] Subsequent requests for access to the documents, relating to the years 2020 and 2021, were rejected by the Government, which refused to release the aggregated detailed data centre inspections, data which is necessary to provide insights and analysis.
According to Article 19 of the tender specifications scheme for reception services (March 2024), the monitoring system aims to ensure the effective execution of contracts and the responsible use of public funds in reception centres. The prefecture is tasked with conducting periodic inspections to assess compliance with established regulations and standards. These inspections are guided by directives from the Department of Civil Liberties and Immigration (DCLI), which is responsible for monitoring and assessing the quality of reception facilities and plays a crucial role in coordinating and supporting monitoring activities. It sets guidelines for inspections, ensuring that they are comprehensive and consistent across all centres. The ministry also conducts regular evaluations of the inspection processes carried out in the field and may mandate additional verifications to ensure compliance with the legal framework.
In November 2022, Italy introduced a new methodology to monitor reception conditions and launched an advanced IT system, the Reception Monitoring System (SMAcc). This system aims to standardise and enhance monitoring processes by prefectures to ensure first-line reception facilities, including hotspots, CPA, CPR and CAS (adults and minors) and temporary centres, adhere to legal standards and contractual obligations. By 2023, SMAcc was extended to oversee also temporary reception centres for unaccompanied minors funded by AMIF (2024-2027). As a centralised database, SMAcc allows the DCLI to monitor and analyse the results of local-level monitoring activities conducted by prefectures, creating a comprehensive national overview of reception conditions and compliance.”
In addition to transparency concerns, inspections raise at least two other important issues: whether monitoring is actually carried out, and the quality out of that monitoring. As to the latter, although the specifications scheme provides the common national reference for services , it remains an administrative tender document setting only quantitative indications, and is therefore inadequate as a reference for a thorough inspection. Italian Prefectures have historically lacked both a qualitative-quantitative tool specifically designed for inspections, despite some attempts over the years,[31] and uniform standards of evaluation. This has led to significant variability. In some Prefectures, permanent inspection units have been established, while in others officials are recruit on an ad hoc basis. Inspection teams may consist only of Prefecture staff, who only have administrative responsibilities, or may include other actors and administrations, such as social workers, the fire brigade, health authorities, and reporting experts. Furthermore, Prefecture staff are usually not trained before conducting inspections and are often unfamiliar with the issues of forced migration, the right of asylum, and vulnerability-related issues. The use of linguistic and cultural mediators to support inspectors, who often do not even speak English, is extremely rare, making it difficult to interview accommodated people and collect complaints, reports, and needs. This results in widespead heterogeneity and discretion in the quality of inspections, and a general inability to assess the effectiveness of services qualitatively. This is especially significant given that Prefecture-managed centres account for almost three quarters of all reception centres in Italy, making this a structural weakness of the entire reception system.
Decree-Law 20/2023 (Article 6) provides that, in cases where there is a serious breach of the obligations arising from the service contract in government centres or in the CAS, but concurrently said services cannot be interrupted for the protection of fundamental rights, the Prefect appoints a commissioner for the extraordinary and temporary management of the enterprise. In parallel, the Prefect should initiate the necessary procedures for the direct award of a new contract for the supply of goods and services.
As highlighted by ActionAid, the use of a generic formula such as “serious breaches” does not appear sufficiently clear in delimiting the perimeter of this intervention. Moreover, it is not clear why prefectural officials with no experience in managing social services should be better able to restore correct management nor why the law provides for the use of direct award to assign the contract again (Article 6 (3) Cutro Decree).[32]
However, as pointed out in a report by Openpolis and Actionaid published in March 2025, the information made available by the Ministry of the Interior on this point is quite limited. From the data received, the report shows that “in 2023, 13 CAS were placed under commission: 4 in the province of Verona, 7 in that of Prato and 2 in Ancona.”[33]
Among the tasks assigned by law to the Central Service SAI, one of the most important is to carry out monitoring activities of SAI reception projects and to provide technical assistance to the local authorities sponsoring these projects.[34] Specifically, the Ministerial Decree that regulates the SAI system provides that the activities of the Central Service accompany the entire life cycle of local reception projects; among these, on-site visits to support local authorities in the application of the relevant legislation and operational instructions can be carried out, also identifying the most appropriate corrective actions to increase the quality of reception services.[35] In practice, the Central Service mainly provides technical support in the realisation and practical management of the reception project, providing the local authority and the managing body of the project with advice, helping managing the most complex cases, and facilitating interfacing with other local and national realities. This activity is very important, as it allows project staff to receive specialised support on an ongoing basis.
In addition to this, the monitoring unit of the Central Service periodically carries out on-site monitoring visits, to directly verify the progress of the reception project, the actual provision and quality of services, and the adequacy of the accommodation used. These activities are carried out by qualified and trained personnel, for whom qualitative monitoring of projects is their main activity. The agreement signed with the Ministry of the Interior provides that, each year, at least one monitoring visit is to be carried out to each individual project. Officials specialised in reporting and administration, as well as officials from the Ministry of the Interior, the Prefecture, UNHCR, etc., can participate in these missions based on need. The SAI monitoring visits are particularly thorough and often last several days; a typical visit includes a visit to the reception facilities, interviews with the hosted beneficiaries with the help of cultural-linguistic mediators, a meeting with the staff directly managing the project and a final meeting with representatives of the local authority responsible for the project. After the visit, a follow-up report is produced, containing a descriptive, recommendations and tips for the services’ improvement and mandatory requirements and requests for adjustment or correction, with respect to any findings on shortcomings detected during monitoring. Project managers are then given a date by which to submit their comments and provide evidence of the corrections that have been implemented. In this dialogue, which continues until a positive response is given by the Central Service, the Ministry of the Interior and the Prefecture responsible for the territory are involved. Data relating to monitoring visits carried out by the Central Service is not made public and no other information is available to the general public.
While existing legislation provides that the duty of conducting inspections regarding the entire reception system, including SAI projects, lies with the Ministry of Interior and its Prefectures,[36] in practice SAI monitoring is carried out almost exclusively by the Central Service. In 2019, however, the Ministry ordered the Prefectures to carry out inspections in SAI projects (at that time SIPROIMI) pertaining to their territory of competence, “in coordination with the Central Service”.[37] Since then, however, only few Prefectures have carried out inspections in the SAI; additionally, these were often conducted in a heterogeneous manner, sometimes carrying out joint missions with the Central Service, sometimes without any contact nor coordination; almost did not do them, due to limited staff availability.
Civil registration
Decree Law 113/2018 repealed the rules governing civil registration (iscrizione anagrafica) of asylum applicants,[38] and stated that the residence permits issued to them were not valid titles for registration at the registry office.[39] On 31 July 2020 the Constitutional Court declared the denial of civil registration for asylum applicants introduced by the legislative Decree 113/2018 contrary to the principle of equality enshrined in Article 3 of the Italian Constitution.[40] Subsequently, Decree Law 130/2020, amended by L 173/2020, re-introduced Article 5bis of the Reception Decree, expressly allowing asylum applicants to obtain civil registration.[41]
Civil registration is fundamental in order to obtain Italian citizenship after 10 years or 5 years in case refugee status is recognised. It also gives access to some welfare measures and public housing.
In 2021, after the reform, not all municipalities agreed to retroactively recognise civil registration to asylum applicants who had requested it during the validity of the DL 113/2018. In July 2023, the Civil Court of Trieste accepted the appeal submitted by an asylum applicant recognising his right to retroactively obtain civil registration.[42] The Municipality of Trieste appealed the decision but the Court of Appeal of Trieste rejected the appeal, confirming the decision of the Civil Court.[43] Similarly, the Civil Court of Florence, on 27 July 2023, also recognised an asylum applicant the right to obtain civil registration for the period it was denied due to the law ultimately declared contrary to the Constitution.[44]
Under the law, an appliant for international protection who holds a residence permit for an asylum request[45] or of the receipt certifying the request[46] is registered in the resident population registry.[47] For applicants accommodated in first reception centres, the person in charge of the centre must notify the municipality of any changes in cohabitation within twenty days f the occurrence of relevant facts. The law also states that notification of the withdrawal of reception measures, or of the unjustified removal of the asylum applicant from the first reception centres and from the SAI centres, constitutes grounds for immediate cancellation of the residence.[48]
As observed by some studies, although limited to the exceptional cases of revocation of reception and unjustified removal, the provision still appears discriminatory with respect to asylum applicants, because it excludes only these categories of people from the application of the rule according to which only being unavailable for 12 months leads to cancellation. This provision can have particularly negative effects, because it is difficult for those who are removed from the reception system to immediately find other stable accommodation.[49]
After registration, asylum applicants obtain an identity card valid for three years.[50]
[1] Ordinance No. 1170 of 5 November 2025, issued by the Italian Civil Protection Department, available in Italian here.
[2] Article 30 Dl 23/2026 converted by L 54/2026.
[3] Senate, note on the 2025 Budget Law, available here.
[4] Article 21 (4) DL 124/2023 converted into L. 162/2023.
[5] Article 21 (6) DL 124/2023 converted into L. 162/2023.
[6] Article 8 DL 133/2023.
[7] Article 21 (1) DL 145/2023 converted in L 191/2023.
[8] Article 21 (7) DL 145/2023 converted in L 191/2023.
[9] Law 213/2023, Article 1 (361).
[10] Budget Law for 2025, Article 1(892) Fund for migration. See also the report from Senate, 20 December 2024, available in Italian here.
[11] Article 9 (10) 2026 L. 199/2025 (2026 Budget Law). See also the Senate report on the 2026 budget law, available in Italian here.
[12] See notice published on 21 March 2024 available at: bit.ly/4by66Q.
[13] Available at: bit.ly/3UWwLAM.
[14] Chamber of Deputies, question time, video available here.
[15] Actionaid, CPR Italia e Albania, 24 July 2025, available in Italian here.
[16] The management and supervision of the entirety of the reception system are entrusted in particular to the Central Directorate of Immigration and Asylum Civil Services.
[17] The National Coordination Table is established pursuant to Article 29(3) of Legislative Decree 251/2007 (transposition of the recast Qualification Directive). As regards the reception, its duties are regulated by Article 9(1) and 16 of the Reception Decree, by Ministerial Decree 16 October 2014 and by the National Agreement of the Unified Conference of 10 July 2014.
[18] This plan was developed only once, in 2016, and has been largely unapplied. Source: MoI, Piano Accoglienza 2016, available at: https://bit.ly/3UaCv81.
[19] The Unified Conference (Conferenza Unificata) is a permanent body where the Central Government, Regions, Provinces and Municipalities are represented. It participates in decision-making processes involving matters for the State and the Regions, in order to foster cooperation between the State activity and the system of autonomies, examining matters and tasks of common interest, also carrying out advisory functions.
[20] The text of the agreement is available at: https://bit.ly/3Kq3ZDx.
[21] See Altreconomia, Scarsa programmazione, posti vuoti e persone al freddo: così ai migranti è negata l’accoglienza, 8 February 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3ZFHJe5.
[22] Concerning the poor use of coordinating tables, see ANCI, Biffoni: “Ampliare capienza rete Sai per minori e riattivare tavolo di coordinamento”, available at: https://bit.ly/3Lk9gxc.
[23] On the topic, see: Campomori and Ambrosini, Multilevel governance in trouble: the implementation of asylum seekers’ reception in Italy as a battleground, in Comparative Migration Studies, (2020) 8:22, available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00178-1. Campomori, Asylum seekers reception policies in Italy: Weaknesses and contradictions, in Politiche Sociali, 2018, available at: https://doi.org/10.7389/91920.
[24] Civil Protection Departiment, Note of the Council of Ministers, published on 11 November 2024, available in Italian here. According to the Civil Protection Code, Law no. 1/2018, the state of emergency cannot be extended beyond 24 months (Article 24 (3) Law 1/2018).
[25] Council of State, Decision no. 10434/2024, appeal no. 05706/2024.
[26] Article 20(1) Reception Decree.
[27] The 2020 and 2021 reports available at: https://bit.ly/3y8bRCN.
[28] The information made public by the Ministry in its reports to Parliament does not reach such a level of detail that it is possible to determine which structures have been visited and how many inspections, if any, have been repeated on the same structures. Moreover, it is not possible to understand how many of them have been carried out directly by the Ministry, how many by the Prefectures and how many by the officials of the SAI Central Service. Furthermore, the Government’s report deals exclusively with the controls carried out under Article 20, while there is little to none evidence about any other kind of controls, e.g. by health authorities, EU/international organisations (UNHCR, IOM, EUAA…), or as part of court proceedings.
[29] See Circular Letter Ministry of Interior, n. 12498, 26 June 2020.
[30] For data about inspection controls in 2019, see ActionAid, Centri d’Italia, Report 2022, available at: https://bit.ly/3Je6et6.
[31] The reference is to the AMIF funded M.I.Re.Co. project (Monitoring and Improvement of Reception Conditions). The project’s aim was to carry out a significant number of monitoring visits in reception centres of all kinds, throughout Italy, and to develop guidelines and standard qualitative-quantitative monitoring tools. The project took place between May 2017 and the end of 2019, but the Government has never made public neither the guidelines nor the results of the around 3,000 monitoring visits that have been supposedly carried out. Only a small part of this data has been made available in the Report on the operation of the reception system designed to meet extraordinary needs connected with the exceptional influx of foreigners into the country (year 2017), August 2018, available at: https://bit.ly/3MyqffW.
[32] Actionaid, “Il decreto Cutro e il commissariamento dei centri di accoglienza”, available at: bit.ly/3JZryBV.
[33] Centri d’Italia, accoglienza al collasso, Report 2024, Openpolis, Actionaid, March 2025, available here.
[34] Article 1-sexies (4 and 5) Decree Law 416/1989, converted with amendments into Law 39/1990, as last amended by Decree Law 130/2020, converted with amendments into Law 173/2020.
[35] Ministry of Interior Decree 18 November 2019.
[36] Article 20(1) Reception Decree.
[37] See Circular Letters from MoI DCLI no. 6021 of 23 May 2019 and no. 12246 of 12 July 2019.
[38] Article 5-bis Reception Decree was repealed by Article 13 Decree Law 113/2018 and L 132/2018.
[39] Article 4(1-bis) Reception Decree, inserted by Article 13 Decree Law 113/2018 and L 132/2018.
[40] Decision no. 186/2020 of 31 July 2020, available at: https://bit.ly/2SCXDbl.
[41] Article 5 bis Reception Decree.
[42] Civil Court of Trieste, decision of 31 July 2023, available at: bit.ly/3wIdfyP.
[43] Court of Appeal of Trieste, decision of 25 June 2024.
[44] Civil Court of Florence, decision of 27 July 2023, case no. 476/2023.
[45] Article 4 (1) Reception Decree.
[46] Article 4 (3) Reception Decree.
[47] Article 5 bis (1) Reception Decree, re-introduced, with amendments, by Decree Law 130/2020 and L 173/2020.
[48] Article 5 bis (3) Reception Decree.
[49] See: L’Iscrizione anagrafica dei richiedenti asilo e dei protetti internazionali, Paolo Morozzo della Rocca, in Immigrazione, protezione internazionale e misure penali, Pacini Giuridica, 2021.
[50] Article 5 bis (4) introduced by Decree Law 130/2020.