Author
Recognised refugees and beneficiaries of subsidiary protection can stay in the reception centre up to 30 days after receiving the decision on their status.[1] On 31 December 2024, no beneficiary of international protection was accommodated in Vámosszabadi.[2] In Balassagyarmat, 13 persons were placed on that day, of which 4 have been asylum-seekers and 9 persons have been subjected to aliens policing procedure, but none of them was a beneficiary of international protection.[3] Throughout the year, the highest number of persons that were accommodated at the same time in Balassagyarmat was 28 (in October). In Vámosszabadi, only one person was placed there in April (asylum seeker). Besides accommodation, people are entitled to receive food during their 30-day stay.
In June 2016 all forms of integration support were eliminated, therefore beneficiaries of international protection are no longer eligible to any state support such as housing, financial support, additional assistance or others. A policy analysis on housing of beneficiaries of international protection published by the Menedék Association in 2021, confirms that there are no targeted public housing solutions or housing policies for refugees and beneficiaries of international protection in Hungary.[4]
Accommodation by civil society and church-based organisations
In the last years, NGOs and social workers reported extreme difficulties for beneficiaries of international protection moving out of reception centres and integrating into local communities.[5] Accommodation free of charge is provided to a very limited extent exclusively by civil society and church-based organisations. Moreover, the contacted organisations’ activity is limited to the capital of Hungary. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the Ministry of Interior withdrew all the calls for tenders funded by AMIF in the beginning of 2018.[6] This means that by 30 June 2018 all programmes whose integration support activity relied on this funding ceased. No such calls were reissued until 2021.[7] In the absence of housing services provided by the state/local government, only homeless shelters – e.g., Temporary Homeless Shelter of the Baptist Integration Centre – and a few NGOs and church-based organisations’ housing programmes remained available for beneficiaries of international protection. However, as the numbers and the general capacities of the provided help shown below, civil society and church-based organisations cannot meet all the needs of people with international protection. The HHC is aware of a case from 2020 when a German lawyer contacted several organisations (also the ones listed below) to know if there was available accommodation for a family with international protection in case of their return. The contacted organisations could provide no solution for the family which clearly shows the limits of the housing capacities. As per the Menedék Association, there are a few local governments open to address housing problems concerning beneficiaries of international protection. Nevertheless, in the absence of sufficient resources and support, such initiatives have not been realised so far. Menedék Association reiterated that in 2024, beneficiaries of international protection could still not rely on any state support regarding more permanent housing. The Association points out that it is not realistic to find housing solutions within 30 days after receiving the international protection status and that there are no other options then live in rented accommodation on market basis and in temporary homeless shelters. Specifically for 2024, Menedék Association highlights that another problem for their refugee clients was that they could not be included in the housing programme for beneficiaries of international protection because they had been living in Hungary under another legal status for years prior to recognition – this remains the case as the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund Plus is designed to support the social integration of “new arrivals”, and housing support is only available within 18, and in some cases 36, months of arrival in Hungary. Longer-term integration and inclusion is supported by other EU funds (Operational Programmes supported by the European Social Fund Plus), but these do not target refugees and migrants (Moreover, following the full-scale military offensive launched by Russia against Ukraine, many programmes specifically targeted refugees from Ukraine, others did not.) [8]
The Evangelical Lutheran Church (Diakonia) in Hungary arranged short-term crisis placement for 30 persons with international protection (together with the family members, a total of 66 people benefitted from the services, one third less than one year ago) in Budapest in 2021. Accommodation was provided in a hostel, in the community house of the Church, and in a workers’ hostel. As reported by the Evangelical Lutheran Church, the homeless shelters provide the most feasible and economic solution for beneficiaries of international protection after receiving protection status (cca. 30 EUR/month). No report has been received from Evangelical Lutheran Church regarding 2022. In 2023, Diakonia supported 10 families with international protection either with rent subsidies or rented accommodation in Budapest, in hostels or apartments rented in Mandak House. They also assisted 1 person with tolerated status and 1 formerly stateless person by paying their accommodation fee. Diakonia stated that in 2023 they did not refuse anybody due to lack of financial capacity. They also supported 3 family reunification cases of beneficiaries of international protection by giving out admission declarations to Mandak House.[9] In 2024, the Diakonia could only provide direct housing in a very limited way. Until June 2024, it could accommodate families for a few months in two small apartments in the courtyard of the Józsefváros Evangelical Church. It was also able to provide a few nights’ accommodation in hostels for people in crisis.
The Diakonia provided housing support for a larger number of people by compensating the shortfall in the amount needed to move into a rental property with a housing subsidy.[10]
The Jesuit Refugee Service provided accommodation for 361 persons throughout 2022 (incl. persons displaced from Ukraine). Those beneficiaries benefitting from accommodation by the Jesuit Refugee Service are also assisted by a social worker (there is one person in the Order providing such help), involving volunteer mentors and two parochial communities. According to the Jesuit Service there is a high demand for these places among people with international protection. The Jesuit Refugee Service furthermore reported that they were struggling with serious capacity issues to manage the new demand from persons of concern (primarily the substantial number of persons displaced from Ukraine) and that they had to increase the number of their staff as well as secure new locations where they could provide their services. As for 2023, the charity report that they see many of their clients receiving one-off social assistance ‘stuck’ in refugee accommodation, perhaps mainly due to a lack of appropriate labour market skills and a high proportion of dependants per household. The impact of negative stereotypes about refugees and foreigners is not negligible in this context either.[11]
The Baptist Integration Centre opened its temporary home for families in June 2020. The home has a capacity of 80 people (Hungarian as well as foreign citizens). According to the Centre, in June 2020, 90 families were on their waiting list.[12] The Baptist Integration Centre provided housing a total of 22 persons with international protection in three temporary homeless shelters and 6 people were hosted in the Exit Centre in 2022. As opposed to the yearly decrease in the number of residents in the previous years, the number of 2022 has not changed significantly compared to the year before. No report was received from the Baptist Integration Centre concerning 2024.
Kalunba has been providing a housing programme for years. However, with the end of the AMIF funding the number of people supported by the organisation and the length of the offered help significantly decreased. In 2020, Kalunba supported around 40 people international protection status for a 3-month time with rented apartments. Due to COVID-19, this time based on the individual situation everyone was given an extension. The number of beneficiaries of the Kalunba’s complex housing programme decreased in 2021 due to the difficulties and restrictions the pandemic brought about. Kalunba reported that throughout 2022 the presence of beneficiaries of international protection in their work was insignificant, which they attributed to the fact that given the legislative changes, less asylum-seekers could access protection in Hungary.[13] No report arrived from Kalunba concerning 2023 or 2024.
As of 2019 the Budapest Methodological Centre of Social Policy and Its Institutions (BMSZKI), the homeless service provider of Budapest Municipality,[14] has no special programme targeting beneficiaries of international protection given the non-availability of the AMIF funding. The Institution runs temporary accommodation shelters and night shelters for homeless people that are open for beneficiaries of international protection, as well. However, the temporary accommodation shelters are running at full capacities and have long waiting lists to get in, while night shelters are also full and provide 15-20 bedrooms. According to BMSZKI, these conditions are not in line with the needs of refugees who are often severely traumatised, do not know the language – interpreter is not available – and since the institute cannot guarantee the respect of the unity of families.[15] BMSZKI reported that in 2022 they had no housing programme specifically targeting beneficiaries of international protection. They accommodated 3 Pakistani refugee families in 2022, otherwise their housing provision services concerned beneficiaries of temporary protection.[16] No report arrived from the BMSZKI concerning 2023 or 2024.
Next Step Hungary Association also run their housing programme in 2023, reaching 5 people of migratory/refugee background.[17] The association sent no updates for 2024.
Issues in accessing the housing market
Due to the lack of apartments on the market, the rental fees are too high to be affordable for beneficiaries who have just been granted status. In addition to this struggle, landlords usually prefer to rent out their apartments to Hungarians rather than foreign citizens.[18]
A further problem regarding housing is the difficulty of getting an address card. Landlords usually require prospective tenants to have an address card, which is impossible to obtain, unless someone has a contract and the confirmation statement of the owner of the flat that they can use the address as their permanent address. On the other hand, landlords in general are not willing to give their approval to tenants and allow them to register the leased property’s address as their permanent residence.[19]
In the autumn of 2024, the JRS assessed the needs of their beneficiaries. They found that respondents consistently indicated a need for financial support (87%), food (64%) and long-term accommodation (49%). Rapid price increases have exacerbated the financial burden on refugees, making it difficult to afford basic necessities. The importance of health services has increased compared to 2023, which also highlights the increasing number of vulnerable people with serious health problems among JRS beneficiaries. They found that refugees from Ukraine are increasingly open to discussing mental health challenges and seeking psychological support. The responses revealed that the housing situation of Ukrainian refugees in Hungary remained precarious, exacerbated by high rents and limited supply.[20] Despite ongoing efforts by NGOs and support agencies, there is a lack of affordable and stable housing options. Long-term housing, meanwhile, was among the top five most pressing issues for respondents, with older respondents reporting a greater need for stable housing, as did single mothers. Housing stability remained a concern, with more than half of respondents unsure how long they would be able to stay in their current place of residence. Discrimination experienced by clients in their search for housing remained a recurring issue.[21]
[1] Section 41(1) Asylum Decree.
[2] Information provided by the NDGAP on 19 February 2024.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Pósfai, Zs., Szabó, L., Policy Analysis and Proposal for the Improvement of the Housing of Beneficiaries of Internaitonal Protection in Hungary, Social Integration of Beneficiaries of International Protection in Hungary – NIEM Policy Briefs, Institute of Public Affairs (Poland) and Menedék – Hungarian Association for Migrants, 2021, available here, 5.
[5] EASO, Description of the Hungarian asylum system, May 2015, available here, 10.
[6] The withdrawn calls inter alia covered the improvement of reception conditions for unaccompanied children, the support of their integration, legal assistance to asylum seekers, housing and integration programmes. Belügyi Alapok, ‘Tájékoztatás pályázati kiírások visszavonásáról’, 24 January 2018, available in Hungarian here.
[7] Modified following the authorities’ comments to the report.
[8] Information received from Menedék Association by the HHC on 21 February 2025.
[9] Information received from the Evangelical Lutheran Diakonia by the HHC on 24 February 2024.
[10] Information received from the Evangelical Lutheran Diakonia by the HHC on 10 March 2025.
[11] Information received from the Jesuit Refugee Service by the HHC on 3 March 2023 and 12 April 2024.
[12] Baptist.hu, ‘Elkészült a Baptista Integrációs Központ családok átmeneti otthonának új épülete’, 12 June 2020, available here.
[13] Information received from Kalunba Non-Profit Organisation by the HHC on 6 February 2023.
[14] BMSZKI, Leaflet, available here.
[15] Families and couples (apart from a limited number of places regarding the latter) cannot be placed together.
[16] Information received from BMSZKI by the HHC on 13 February 2023.
[17] Information received from the Next Step Hungary Association by the HHC on 2 May 2024.
[18] Practice-informed observation by the HHC, January 2024.
[19] Practice-informed observation by the HHC, January 2024.
[20] For more information, see AIDA, Country report: Hungary – Annexe on Temporary Protection, 2024 Update, available here.
[21] Information received from the Jesuit Refugee Service by the HHC on 28 February 2025.