Legal conditions and obstacles to access in practice
Temporary protection beneficiaries have the right to apply for a work permit on the basis of a Temporary Protection Identification Card, subject to regulations and directions to be provided by the Presidency.[1] The Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection, adopted on 15 January 2016, regulates the procedures for granting work permits to persons under temporary protection. Temporary protection beneficiaries are required to apply for a work permit in order to access employment.[2] An application for a work permit may be lodged following 6 months from the granting of temporary protection status,[3] by the employer through an online system (E-Devlet Kapısı) or by the beneficiary him or herself in the case of self-employment.[4]
The Regulation foresees an exemption from the obligation to obtain a work permit for seasonal agriculture of livestock works.[5] In that case, however, beneficiaries must apply to the relevant provincial governorate to obtain a work permit exemption.[6] The Ministry of Family and Social Services may also limit the number and provinces where temporary protection beneficiaries may work under seasonal agriculture of livestock jobs.[7] Beyond special rules in the context of agriculture and livestock work, the Regulation prohibits beneficiaries from applying for professions which may only be performed by Turkish nationals.[8]
When deciding on granting the right to apply for a work permit, the Ministry of Family and Social Services takes into consideration the province where the beneficiary resides as a basis.[9] However, it may cease to issue work permits in respect of provinces which have been determined by the Ministry of Interior to pose risks in terms of public order, public security or public health.[10] The Ministry may also set a quota on temporary protection beneficiaries based on the needs of the sectors and provinces.[11] The number of beneficiaries active in a specific workplace may not exceed 10% of the workforce unless the employer can prove that there would be no Turkish nationals able to undertake the position. If the workplace employs less than 10 people, only one temporary protection beneficiary may be recruited.
As of 2023, the work permit fee for temporary protection applicants was of 2.732,40 TL (78 EUR) for jobs lasting more than 1 one year.[12] Under the Regulation, temporary beneficiaries may not be paid less than the minimum wage.[13] In 2024, the minimum wage (net) was 20.002,50 TL (around 570 EUR).
As of 2023, a total of 108,520 work permits were issued to immigrants from Syria, around 94% of work permits for Syrians were granted to men.[14] Approximately more than 1 million Syrians are estimated to be working informally without legal protections and rights.[15] Research indicates several possible factors contributing to the low employment rate among women: (1) cultural factors, (2) conditions in the informal sectors that hinder women from fulfilling their household responsibilities, and (3) a higher number of children per household that need care[16]. In Türkiye, Syrian women under Temporary Protection are primarily employed in the food and agriculture sectors.
457 refugees were registered with İŞKUR with EU support in the first half of 2023, bringing the total to 72,364, a majority of those registered were men (81%). Most Syrian refugees registered with İŞKUR have received few or no job offers, even among young males with a decent level of education and Turkish language proficiency, consequently, the refugee community does not view İŞKUR as a reliable source of support[17].
Temporary protection beneficiaries who cannot provide the necessary documents under the Recognition and Equivalency Regulation, or whose diplomas cannot be verified, are subject to special procedures. For those with original diplomas and transcripts that cannot be verified, and for those who can only provide copies or certified translations of their diplomas and/or transcripts, the recognition process proceeds based on recommendations from the Field of Science Advisory Commissions, university opinions, and the Recognition and Equivalency Commission. Individuals unable to provide complete documents must submit a Temporary Protection Identification Document, a declaration form with their educational information, and, if applicable, official documents and certified copies of their work experience in their field[18]. Information is provided in Turkish, English and Arabic.
Beneficiaries face difficulties on accessing information on the work permit system. Additionally, the process to obtain a work permit in Türkiye for Syrians is particularly difficult. In the frame of the EU-funded projects, during the first half of 2023, various initiatives implemented awareness-raising and capacity-building activities for businesses in an effort to improve refugee and refugees and vulnerable host community beneficiary access to the labour market. In the first half of 2023, these activities reached over 1,450 businesses, bringing the total number of businesses reached to date to 6,929 by the mid 2023. According to reports, the difficulties employers face in obtaining work permits for refugees, including the costs, bureaucracy and waiting times, create significant disincentives to employ refugees.[19] Overall challenges include (1) difficulties in accessing work permits, (2) exploitation in workplaces, (3) no complaint mechanism when they do not work legally, (4) increasing vulnerability to face GBV[20].
Working conditions
Experiences of temporary protection beneficiaries in Türkiye regarding the integration process differ from city to city. However, having to work informally / without security, low wages and language barriers were the most reported problems in all provinces. 35.1 percent of Syrians state that they are not satisfied with their economic situation (comparing to 58.6 percent of Turkish respondents)[21].
Syrians are impacted by the widespread practice of undeclared employment under substandard working conditions and low wages.[22] A research highlights the factors that drive Syrian workers into the informal sector, such as administrative barriers, monetary and non-monetary incentives, and a lack of familiarity with labor regulations, and shows that Syrian business owners and self-employed individuals operate informally due to the desire to hire Syrian workers, difficulties in adhering to labor regulations, and fear of deportation[23]. Another study emphasises other barriers such as anti-refugee sentiments, geographical restrictions and economic crises[24]. A significant number of Syrians, work in agricultural sector that match their experiences in Syria or the skills they have acquired in Türkiye, however, Syrians working seasonally in the agricultural sector often need to find jobs in cities outside their registration, which creates difficulties in accessing services. If it is discovered that they are not registered in the city where they are working, they are required to return to their registered cities[25]. People are vulnerable to exploitation and may not receive their salaries. Some projects offer salary support during training periods, to prevent any issues to access salary, salaries are directly deposited into the individual’s bank account[26].
Syrians with professions, on the other hand, either did not engage in the labour market because they could not find a job that matched their talents and expertise, or they were forced to accept jobs well below their qualifications.[27] Professions such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, and pharmacists require very long procedures for recognition of qualifications to work in their fields, however, those specialized in areas such as services, trade, and information technology, which do not require recognition of qualification, can find jobs easier in the private sector[28].
Poor health and safety conditions at work are also a matter of concern, it was reported that 828 migrants lost their lives in work-related accidents in 2022 including as a result of fires, equipment failure and road accidents[29] between 2013-2022 and 51% of the victims were Syrians.[30]
Women, in particular, face significant challenges in obtaining effective access to the labour market. This is due, on the one hand, legal restricitons such as obstacles to access childcare, lack of information and training opportunities.[31] On the other hand, traditional gender roles assigned to women as caretakers, especially in southern Türkiye regions such as Gaziantep, mean that women’s access to public space is limited compared to men, while training opportunities mainly revolve around traditional vocations such as hairdressing or sewing. In addition, where they do take jobs outside their homes, women in the textile sector often face discrimination and ill-treatment, especially single women face gender based violence in workplaces.[32] Syrian women often try to find a solution by doing piecework at home in order to ensure their economic freedom[33]. The Promotion of Economic Prospects Project (PEP) in Türkiye, implemented by GIZ takes a multifaceted approach to foster gender equality, 1620 Syrian women participated in vocational training tailored to meet the skills required by the Turkish labour market[34].
The Turkish labour market also presents high exploitation risks for children, given the widespread phenomenon of child labour and exploitation in areas such as agriculture and textile factories.[35] Ministry of Labour and Social Security announced a six-year National Action Plan to Fight Against Child Labour in 2017. It shows that at least 4.4% of the child population, are working, with the main causes of child labor in Turkiye being child poverty, deficiencies in social protection, and the informal economy[36]. A research, conducted with 884 Syrian refugees, revealed a high proportion of employed Syrian children demonstrates that 41% of Syrian respondents are aware of child labour in Türkiye, either within their own household (26%) or outside of it (15%). [37] Another report from 2022 revealed that children from undocumented or irregular families have less access to education and are more likely to engage in child labour in Istanbul.[38] A research shows a high percentage of paid job among Syrian boys: 18.8 percent of 12–14 year-olds and 48.0 percent of 15–17 year-olds, and that children from poorer households with more dependents living in industrialized regions of Türkiye with female head of households are more likely to work[39]. More than 8000 Syrian children working were identified by Türk Kızılay by their 19 community centres[40]. Many NGOs work on child protection, prevention child labour and being out of school provide child friendly spaces and pschosocial support.
Youth unemployment is another critical issue to which attention must be paid. According to TUIK, the youth unemployment rate in Türkiye among 15-24 year olds was of 17.4% in 2023. Average weekly work hours for Syrians are 59 hours, compared to 46 hours for Turkish employees. The majority of Turkish employees (87%) are paid on a monthly basis. Five out of ten Syrians are paid monthly, while four are paid weekly and one is paid daily. Less than half (46%) of Syrian young people reported no instances of mistreatment or violence on the job market. Among those who have been mistreated, financial abuse (22%), neglect (19%), emotional-psychological violence (17%), verbal abuse (11%), age discrimination (11%) and gender-based discrimination (8%) are the most prevalent.[41] The lack of access to education, the economic needs of the family, widespread prejudices against Syrians on the labour market, the language barrier, and inhumane working conditions have been identified as major obstacle by Syrian young people living in Istanbul.[42]
Refugees and host community members received a variety of employability capacity development and support services in 2023. During the first half of 2023, an additional 4,706 beneficiaries were enrolled in short-term vocational training programmes amd 4,185 individuals completed training designed to increase their employability. As of June 2023, 66,710 beneficiaries had completed short-term vocational skills development training with EU refugee programme support. Since the project’s inception, a total of 124,108 people has benefited from employment counselling services During the first half of 2023, an additional 123 beneficiaries obtained a nationally recognised certificate in a vocational skill area issued by an authorised certification body, bringing the total indicator value to 17,804 (10% female). [43] Between 2014 and 2023, a total of 3,717,253 foreign trainees participated in courses organized in public education centres, with 2,870,266 of them being Syrian trainees[44]. More than 4000 Syrians participated in informative courses on public employment services[45].
There are projects aiming to address some of the abovementioned challenges. “Increasing Employability for Syrians and Host Community Members in the Renewable Energy Sector Project” has been carried out since 2020 in cooperation with the General Directorate of Lifelong Learning and the United Nations Development Programm[46]. ILO Promoting Resilience and Social Cohesion through Decent Livelihood Opportunities Project aims to promote decent work and sustainable livelihood opportunities, with particular emphasis on investing in a skilled and competent workforce, promoting job creation and job development, protecting employment, and strengthening labour market governance institutions and practices for both home and host communities in Istanbul, Izmir, Bursa, Ankara, Adana, Mersin, Şanlıurfa, Kahramanmaraş, Konya, Hatay, Eskişehir, Denizli, Gaziantep, Manisa and Kilis[47]. Transition to Formality Programme (KIGEP), which is implemented by the ILO Office for Türkiye and the Social Security Institution (SSI) in coordination with the Ministry of Labour and Social Security and the Directorate of International Labour Force, employers whose workplaces are registered in one of the provinces of Adana, Ankara, Aydın, Bursa, Gaziantep, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Kocaeli, Konya, Manisa, Mersin, Osmaniye and Şanlıurfa, may receive support payment for Syrian workers whom they employ. A monthly support payment of 2,500 TRY for 5,790 employees including 2,895 Syrians under Temporary Protection and 2,895 Turkish citizens are provided for six months. Besides, one-off work permit fee of 1,500 TRY per worker is reimbursed by the Programme for 2,895 Syrian employees in 2023.
The “Supporting Transition to the Labor Market Project,”[48] funded by the EU under FRIT 2 and facilitated by the World Bank, is implemented by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, İŞKUR, and the Turkish Red Crescent. The project aims to enhance the employability of ESSN beneficiaries and Turkish citizens, aiding their access to the labor market and helping employment transition out of the Social Cohesion Assistance (SUY) program. Training activities will be conducted at Turkish Red Crescent Community Centres in various cities (Adana, Bursa, Gaziantep, Istanbul, Kocaeli, Konya, and Şanlıurfa. A “Labor Market Transition Guide” will also be created to provide essential information and support to local and migrant beneficiaries during their job market transition and integration.
Entrepreunership
Self-employed Syrians have encountered significant difficulties on the labour market. Access to financial services remains a persistent obstacle for refugee owned SMEs due to a number of factors, including inability to benefit from any established micro or small enterprise financing schemes, and being unaware of any sources of financing. A study showed that Syrian entrepreneurs can manage their projects and obtain financing resources and loan[49].
Several initiatives have been enacted beginning in 2021 to enhance the entrepreneurial skills and potential of self-employed Syrians. Under the EU-financed projects, around 720 Syrian refugee-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) received advisory services, including budget management, occupational health and safety, and proposal writing and 275 Syrian-owned businesses received financial and/or material assistance to mid-2023. 4070 Syrians are benefitted from the entrepreneurship training. By June 2023 around 360 refugee-owned enterprises had been established or expanded, with most of the enterprises in the micro or small size categories.[50] “
Some projects have been implemented to officially register businesses owned by refugees, but a lack of detailed information has been provided about what their responsibilities are as a registered business, regarding the taxes, etc., and the difficulties these business owners experience after becoming registered and how sustainable these projectss are not fully known and evaluated[51].
Through livelihood and employment opportunities, ICMPD, Ministry of Industry and Commerce-managed ENHANCER project aims to increase the entrepreneurial activity of Syrians and host communities by fostering the development of new products and markets and providing a conducive environment. The initiative has been implemented in 11 provinces, Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, Gaziantep, Adana, Mersin, Konya, Sanlurfa, Kayseri, and Hatay, with a budget of 32,502,242 EUR.[52] In 2023, DAHİL programme, implemented by SPARK, provides training for SMEs to increase their awareness of the basics of credit scoring in Türkiye (Findecks), business plan competitions award winning business ideas with seed funding, business networking events boost social cohesion between Syrian and Turkish business-owners.[53] KOSGEB Applied Entrepreneurship Training” provided to more than 400 Syrians participants who owned businesses or worked as managers in their countries[54]
The impacts of the earthquakes:
The aftermath of earthquakes in the region has led to significant challenges in accessing employment opportunities for affected individuals. As of March 2023, the number of paid employees in 11 provinces located in the earthquake zone decreased 23.6 percent compared to the end of 2022, in 4 provinces (Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Adıyaman and Malatya) which were affected the most by the earthquake the decrease in the number of workplaces was over 50 percent and the total number of employees decreased by 28 percent[55]. More than 40 percent of the employees in Hatay left their jobs, migrated, or lost their lives. According to the ILO (2023), the earthquakes left more than 658,000 workers unable to earn their living[56]. Since many workplaces have been destroyed and significant losses were also experienced especially in the sectors many refugees are employed such as textile and agriculture, the limited job market leads to hurdles for those seeking employment for refugees.
The earthquakes also had a negative impact on the ability of government and non-government institutions to provide services related to employment and enterprise development to refugees and host community members, due to the loss and damage of their facilities and equipment. Considerable damage was experienced by the Provincial Directorates of the Public Employment Agency (İŞKUR) in Adıyaman, Kahramanmaraş and Gaziantep[57].
Furthermore, concerns about health, disabilities, and the fear of gender-based violence in workplaces contribute to difficulties in finding jobs. The situation is particularly concerning for women, as safety concerns for themselves and their children hinder their ability to seek employment, and as their burden on caring the people with disability and domestic work increases[58]. Research analyzing the needs of women entrepreneurs in the region post-earthquake indicates that 70% of them face increased caregiving responsibilities for children, the elderly, and individuals with disabilities. Therefore, there is a critical need to improve and enhance caregiving facilities to increase women’s employment opportunities, aligning with previous studies on the situation of Syrian women under temporary protection before the earthquakes[59]. Women mainly work as agricultural laborers near the tent camps, and job opportunities in male-dominated industries further limit their access to employment[60].
Moreover, the heightened demand for workers in the construction sector following the earthquakes has been addressed by refugees. However, the concentration of job opportunities in construction limits refugees’ ability to find work in their specialised fields and exposes them to potential exploitation. Interviews with refugee workers reveal that many are uninsured and receive wages below the minimum wage, further deepend their precarious employment situation[61].
In cooperation with UNHCR, textile workshops were established in 19 public education centres in 5 provinces affected by the earthquake region[62]. There are some projects led by NGOs. The Social Entrepreneurship, Empowerment, and Integration Project[63], funded by the EU and implemented by the General Directorate of Development Agencies of the Ministry of Industry and Technology with the support of the World Bank aims to boost women’s employment in the region, and supports new project proposals to empower women entrepreneurs including the involvement of Syrian workers, with a focus on encouraging Syrian women to join the workforce. Grant support and mentoring training are also offered to project participants. Sustenance and Recovery Bazaar for Access to Secure Food – SAFEBAZE Project[64] supported by WFP, implemented by ASAM aims to provide indirect services to 22,000 residents residing in the Üzümdalı Temporary Shelter Center, including 30 business owners affected by the earthquake and their families, and to meet their urgent food needs. A marketplace will be built that will accommodate approximately 12 small businesses and 18 mobile stalls to enable vendors to sell various food products, thereby enhancing access to food and increasing local producers’ access to markets.
[1] Article 29 TPR.
[2] Article 4(1) Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[3] Article 5(1) Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[4] Article 5(2)-(3) Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[5] Article 5(4) Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[6] Ibid.
[7] Article 5(5) Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[8] Article 6(2) Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[9] Article 7(1) Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[10] Article 7(2) Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[11] Article 8 Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[12] Ministry of Labour and Social Security, ‘Work Permit Fees’, last accessed 13 July 2023, available in Turkish here
[13] Article 10 Regulation on Work Permit for Foreigners under Temporary Protection.
[14] Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Services, Work Permits of Foreigners, available here
[15] Danish Refugee Council, Syrian Refugees’ Perceptions of the (Formal) Labour Market in Southeast Türkiye, August 2021, available here ILO (2023). ILO’s support to refugees and host communities in Turkey.
[16] ILO, Türkiye’deki Depremlerin Ardından Yerel İşgücü Piyasası Dinamiklerinin ve Beceri İhtiyaçlarının Değerlendirilmesi, 28 August 2023, available here
[17] EU Facility for Refugees in Türkiye, The Facility Results Framework Monitoring Report No. 12, December 2023, available here
[19] EU Facility for Refugees in Türkiye, The Facility Results Framework Monitoring Report No. 11, June 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/44nbVwT.
[20] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[21] Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Göçmen Mahallelerinde Yaşam: Türkiye’de 2010 Sonrası Göçler ve Göçmenlerin Toplumsal Katılımı, November 2023, available at https://tr.boell.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/gocmenyasamirapor_tr_28.11.23_web.pdf
[22] Evrensel, ‘Kayıt dışı, güvencesiz çalışma ve sömürü kıskacında mülteci işçiler’, 2022, available in Turkish at: https://bit.ly/43oe9ee.
[23] Badalič, V. (2023). Trapped in the underground economy: Syrian refugees in the informal labour market in Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 44(5), 967–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2023.2170224
[24] Mohammed, U. (2024), “Caught in crises: Syrian refugees in Türkiye’s labor market”, International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 320-336. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMHSC-08-2023-0077
[25] Mülteci tarım işçisi kadınların çadır ve tarla arasındaki yaşamı, available here
[26] Information provided by a stakeholder, March 2024.
[27] Relief Web, ‘Türkiye 3RP Country Chapter 2023-2025’, 16 March 2023, available here
[28] Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Göçmen Mahallelerinde Yaşam: Türkiye’de 2010 Sonrası Göçler ve Göçmenlerin Toplumsal Katılımı, November 2023, available here
[29] Ibid.
[30] Isig Meclisi, ‘Yoksulluğun nedeni sermaye iktidarıdır… Son on yılda (2013-2022) en az 828 göçmen/mülteci işçi hayatını kaybetti’, 2022, available here
[31] Alternatif Politika, ‘Gender Negotiation In Syrian Women’s Paid Workforce Participation In The Context Of Forced Migration’, 2022, available here
[32] IOM, ‘Yeniden yerleştirme’, 2023, available at: https://bit.ly/3XPYsuW and Suriyeli kadın işçiler: ‘6 bin liraya kayıt dışı çalışmak zorundayız’, 13 September 2023, available here
[33] Hayata Destek, Sanki yeniden doğmuş gibi, November 2023: available here
[34] GIZ, 2024, Women Empowerment Through Promotion of Economic Prospects Project In Türkiye, available here
[35] Irina Fehr & Conny Rijken, ‘Child Labor Among Syrian Refugees in Turkey’, Frontiers, 2022, available here
[36] UNICEF, Çocuk işçiliği, available here
[37] Irina Fehr & Conny Rijken, ‘Child Labor Among Syrian Refugees in Turkey’, Frontiers, 2022, available here
[38] Tüses & Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, ‘hak temelli yerel politika bağlaminda beyoğlu’ndaki göçmenler: nitel bir araştirma’, 2022, available here
[39] Dayıoğlu, M., Kırdar, M. G., & Koç, İ. (2023). The Making of a “Lost Generation”: Child Labor among Syrian Refugees in Turkey. International Migration Review, 0(0) available here
[40] Turkish Red Crescent, March 2024, The Effects of Irregular Migration on Child Labor: The Situation of Migrant Children in Türkiye, available here
[41] ILO, ‘Youth employment in Turkey: Structural challenges and impact of the pandemic on Turkish and Syrian youth’, 2022, available here
[42] Tüses & Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, ‘SUriyeli Ve Türkiyeli Genç Kadinlar Ve Erkeklerin Gündelik Yaşamlari: Küçükçekmece Ve Sultanbeyli’de Nitel Bir Araştirma’, 2022, available here
[43] EU Facility for Refugees in Türkiye, The Facility Results Framework Monitoring Report No. 12, December 2023, available here
[44] Hayat Boyu Öğrenme Genel Müdürlüğü 2023 Yili Birim Faaliyet Raporu: available here
[45] ILO, Opportunities for lives, more opportunities, better lives Project, available here
[46] Hayat Boyu Ögrenme Genel Müdürlügü, 29.12.2023, available here
[48] Resmi Gazete, İşgücü Piyasasina Geçişin Desteklenmesi Projesi (P171471), available here
[49] Alkhazam, and Ugurlu, 2023. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 17 (7).
[50] EU Facility for Refugees in Türkiye, The Facility Results Framework Monitoring Report No. 12, December 2023, available here
[51] Information provided by a stakeholder, March 2024.
[52] ICMPD & Ministry of Industry and Technology, ‘Enhancer Project’, last accessed 13 July 2023, available here
[53] SPARK, 06.07.2023, From E-mail Novice to Digital Entrepreneur: Rahaf Shami’s Inspirational Journey, available here
[54] ILO, Opportunities for lives, more opportunities, better lives Project, available here
[55] TEPAV, July 2023, Deprem Bölgesinde Sürdürülebilir İş Gücü İstihdamı: EBRD – TEPAV Field Survey and Results April 2023 İhtiyaçlar ve Fırsatlar TEPAV Saha Araştırması ve Bulguları, available here
[56] ILO (2023) Assessing the Local Labour Market Dynamics and Skills Needs Following the Earthquakes in Türkiye
[57] DG NEAR, EU Support to Refugees in Türkiye, Results Framework Monitoring Report No. 12 December 2023, available here
[58] Information provided by stakeholders March – April 2024.
[59] Kagider and UN Women. 2023. Deprem Bölgesindeki Kadın Girişimciler İhtiyaç Analizi. Available here: https:// kagiders3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/uploads/projectPictures/36582b25-8ab5-4989-bc1be24239960e94.pdf
[60] Kirkayak Kültür, February 2024, “We started from zero, we returned to zero again…”, available here
[61] Ibid.
[62] Hayat Boyu Öğrenme Genel Müdürlüğü 2023 Yili Birim Faaliyet Raporu: available here
[63] SEECO, Proje Teklif Çağrısı, available here
[64] ASAM, Güvenli Gıdaya Erişimi Kolaylaştırma ve Destekleme Projesi, https://sgdd.org.tr/proje/guvenli-gidaya-erisimi-kolaylastirma-ve-destekleme-projesi/