In 2023, Türkiye hosted a population of over 3.2 million refugees[1] from Syria under the temporary protection regime and 222,000 asylum seekers and beneficiaries of protection of other nationalities, principally originating from Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, and Ukraine among others[2]. In 2023, 38,725 Ukrainian displaced people were recorded, including 3,230 who applied for international protection[3]. 19,017 asylum seekers applied for international protection; the majority is from Afghanistan (13,068). The number of Russians staying with residence permits has increased significantly over the last two years. Many of the challenges highlighted in the last year’s report remain for 2023, however, some events and policy changes in 2023 deepened some of the existing concerns and caused new challenges for displaced people in Türkiye.
In 2023, the main concerns related to migration and asylum were the effects of the devastating earthquakes which increased the need for humanitarian aid in the area hosting almost 1.7 million Syrian temporary protection beneficiaries, growing security-focused policies on migration management with prioritising the voluntary return, deportation, and border management, rising anti-migrant sentiment especially during the election periods, continuous and deepening challenges regarding the registration, increasing number of undocumented people and inconsistency in accessing rights due to the lack of transparency on the implementations of regulations. It is also important to note that the economic situation in the country has negatively affected refugees’ access to housing, education, and employment.
The Effect of the Earthquakes
The population of 11 provinces affected by the earthquakes corresponds to 16.4 percent of the country’s total population. Approximately 50 percent of the total number of Syrians in Türkiye live in 11 provinces affected by the earthquakes, and the number of Syrians under temporary protection in the region was 1,738,035 at the time. As a result of the earthquakes, according to official numbers around 50,000 people lost their lives, more than half a million buildings, including houses, workplaces, schools, hospitals, and government offices, were damaged, and significant financial losses occurred[4]. Around 7,000 Syrians who were under temporary protection lost their lives, and around 4,000 were injured[5]. One year after the earthquake, the acute period is not over yet for both home and host communities, some families cannot still access water, basic needs, and shelter.
Refugees have faced discrimination during rescue operations, and competition for access to basic needs between locals and Syrians has created social tension[6]. Efforts to promote integration and social cohesion between the local community and refugees have been negatively affected by increased anti-migrant sentiment and segregated living spaces, which in some cases have led to segregated education. Non-governmental organisations had to shift their efforts from development support to humanitarian support[7]. Integration projects have been slowed down and emergency response activities for temporary protection beneficiaries have been reactivated.
Economic hardships, deepened by the economic crisis, high inflation, and the earthquakes, have dramatically decreased employment, especially in the region, leading to an increase in out-of-school children, child labour, and increasing cases of gender-based violence, including child marriage[8]. The lack of housing in the region makes it almost impossible for refugees to declare their addresses, leading to the inactivation of their IDs and causing many problems in accessing services and rights[9].
Even though it was not free from challenges, Syrians who temporarily moved to other parts of Türkiye were able to obtain and extend their travel permits during their stay. With this permit, they were allowed to access services and rights such as education and healthcare.
Security-focused migration policies
After the May 2023 Turkish general elections, the implementation of the security-focused migration policies was exemplified by the introduction of mobile migration points and Kalkan (Shield) operations. According to the statement of Interior Minister Yerlikaya, the primary goal is to fight against irregular migration, through four main strategies: addressing the root causes in the source countries, effective border and security measures, effective detection and capture within the country, and establishing fast-acting deportation processes[10]. According to the 12th Development Plan for 2024-2028 submitted to the Presidency of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (TBMM), preventive practices will be increased in countries of origin and borders in order to effectively “combat irregular migration”[11]. Because of these policy priorities, integration ceased to be a priority, and funding for projects in this area in particular decreased[12]. There was a shift from social cohesion to social assistance in 2023 due to the economic hardships, earthquake, and anti-migration discourse, among others[13]. Integration is at the bottom of the list in terms of priorities, after return and resettlement.
Increased anti-migrant sentiments
Since 2022, there has been a noticeable rise in anti-migrant sentiment, with increased discussions during the election campaign in 2023 General Election centering on issues such as voluntary return[14], unwanted immigrants[15], and border protection[16]. During the election periods in Türkiye, as well as in the policies implemented after the May 2023 elections, anti-migrant sentiment created challenges for migrant and refugee communities to force them to be more invisible and leading to instances of social tension. The deepening economic crisis, along with the political discourse or criminalisation of migration, utilised by some especially by the newly established anti-immigrant political party, have led to the strengthening of anti-immigrant sentiment. The earthquakes in February 2023 further fuelled anti-immigrant sentiments. Studies show that the portrayal of refugees and migrants in media reporting often includes biased and discriminatory narratives, which contribute to the spread of disinformation in numerous ways[17].
Asylum procedures
- Asylum statistics: In 2023, there were 19,017 applicants for international protection, which corresponds to a 43% decrease compared to 2022. Afghans were the most represented number of applicants with 13,068, followed by Iraqis (2,776) and Iranians (1,416). With regards to irregular arrivals, according to PMM statistics, the number of irregular arrivals was 254,008 in 2023, which constitutes a decrease compared to 2022 (285,027). Afghans remained the top nationality of persons apprehended after an irregular border crossing in 2023.68,687 out of the total number were Afghan nationals, despite the percentage of Afghans among irregular arrivals decreasing from 40% to 27%. Syrians are the second highest nationality among the irregular arrivals with 58,621. The other main nationalities represented are Palestinian, Turkmenistan, Moroccan, Uzbekistan, Iraqi, Iranian, and Yemeni.
- Integrated and Increased Border Control: The building of 80 percent of the borders of Iran and Syria, and a 1234-kilometer patrol road was completed including 341 electro-optic towers monitor 740 km of the Eastern border and 350 km of the Western border[18]. The border is also equipped with thermal cameras, elevator towers, armoured surveillance vehicles, and seismic sensor systems. The increased border control prevented 203,437 irregular immigrants from entering the borders in Türkiye during the 11 months in 2023[19]. Additionally, the Department of Border Management, which was previously under the General Directorate of Provincial Administration, was abolished and replaced by the General Directorate of Border Management under the Presidency of Migration Management[20], which will carry out the works related to investments and projects for border management and security. This development indicates a shift towards integrated border management to address irregular migration.
- Access to the territory and pushbacks at the borders: Despite the building of border walls and increasing surveillance along Türkiye’s Eastern border, it did not prevent irregular crossings and instead led to crossings shifting to more dangerous, and mountainous routes or taking place during winter months when the weather conditions are very harsh. At the eastern border with Iran, the pushback practices continued in 2023, particularly targeting single men coming from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh who faced more pushback to Iran than other groups. In some cases, they were held for months before being subjected to pushback without being taken to removal centres or the possibility of applying for protection. There are no clear or individual assessments at the border with Iran, and the migrants are often not informed about their rights. In 2023, there some worrying reports emerged of groups on the Iranian side capturing migrants, beating and torturing them, and demanding a ransom from their families. The border with Syria is closed, and crossings are only allowed for individuals who require specific medical treatments and their attendants, for the duration of the treatment period.
- Registration: The registration of applications remained one of the most significant barriers to people seeking international protection in Türkiye in 2023[21]. PDMMs in numerous large cities, along the coast, and near borders did not accept new applications during the year. In a total of 1,169 neighbourhoods in 63 provinces where the foreign population exceeds 20% of the Turkish citizen population, have been closed to new registrations of foreigners[22]. Although registrations did not cease entirely notably for vulnerable persons, they were reported as ‘almost impossible’ in numerous places. Inconsistencies in PDMM practices also caused difficulties. In addition to the registration problems, PDMM address verification procedures continued for both international and temporary protection holders. When they were not found at their place of registration, and their IDs became inactive. The situation leads to an increasing number of people becoming undocumented[23].
- Voluntary Return: Voluntary, safe, and dignified returns have continued to be a priority policy area for the PMM in 2023, which established its voluntary return programme in 2021. This process is less transparent, and it is unknown how many people are returned. Previous Minister of Interior, Soylu stated that 554 thousand voluntary returns have been carried out by May 2023, and the return of 1 million refugees in Türkiye will be ensured with the 240 thousand permanent houses to be built in northern Syria[24]. The Minister of Interior Affairs, Yerlikaya, stated that the number of Syrian refugees who voluntarily returned from Türkiye to Syria reached 625,000 by February 2024[25]. However, stakeholders have concerns whether they are voluntary or forced returns.
- Increasing number of deportations: Deportations of Afghans increased by 146% over 2022[26], and continued during 2023. In the first quarter of 2023, the number of migrants deported from all nationalities was 21,211. 2,319 people were deported to Afghanistan with 15 charter flights, and 4,526 with scheduled flights[27]. From the beginning of 2023 to May 2023, 40,480 persons considered to be irregular immigrants were caught and 93% of them (37,785) were deported. New Minister of Internal Affairs, Ali Yerlikaya stated that between 1 June and 22 September 2023, 42,875 irregular immigrants were deported, and 105,488 third country nationals whose visas and residence permits expired boarded the plane and left the country[28].
- Operations: By December 2023, 234,092 migrants in an irregular situation were caught, and 9,256 individuals accused of migrant smuggling were detained (3,068 of them were arrested, and judicial control orders were given for 1228 of them) by various Kalkan (shield) operations. 309,485 third country nationals with violation of visa or residence exited and returned to their countries from the airports in Istanbul[29]. In 2023, the minimum penalty for the crime of “migrant smuggling” regulated under Article 79 of the Turkish Penal Code No. 5237 has been increased from 3 years to 5 years.
- Mobile migration points: The total number of mobile migration points is 162 in 30 metropolitan cities, 103 only in Istanbul[30] to conduct ID checks. Foreigners without proper identification are subjected to fingerprinting and database checks by personnel. Those found to be residing without documentation are transported to removal centres with police assistance, where deportation proceedings are initiated for international protection (IP) applicants. Undocumented temporary protection applicants are taken to temporary accommodation centres. These mobile points are primarily situated in busy squares, streets, and transportation hubs. However, such stringent measures have instilled a sense of insecurity among refugees, prompting them to become more invisible[31]. Minister Yerlikaya stated that since July 19, 2023, (until February 2024) 286,102 foreigners have been checked throughout Türkiye in Mobile Migration Point vehicles, and deportation procedures of 61,429 foreigners who were determined to be irregular immigrants were initiated and they were sent to removal centres[32].
- Increased number of rejection decisions. PMM took 94,506 decisions in 2023 which constitutes a significant increase compared to the 51,472 taken in 2022.
- Annulment of deportation decisions: In 2023 there were some positive decisions to annul deportations. For the case of an Afghan asylum seeker, the Istanbul 15th Administrative Court[33] found that the authorities did not conduct an adequate and legally acceptable investigation into the risks to the asylum seeker’ life if returned to Afghanistan and noted the lack of consent to return. Erzurum Administrative Court[34] annulled the deportation decision for an Afghan family, as the deportation decision did not sufficiently investigate if they fell under the exceptions in Article 55 of Law No. 6548 and as deportation based solely on violating the entry ban is contrary to the relevant legal provisions. Edirne and Erzurum Administrative Courts decided to cancel the deportation decisions for Afghan nationals who or whose families worked in or with the military before due to the lack of a sufficient investigation to identify whether they faced a real risk of violation if returned.
Reception
- End of the ‘satellite cities’ concept. Previously, applicants were referred to cities depending on their profile, in case of having any vulnerability, however recently this implementation is no longer in practice in 2023. The PMM is responsible for informing which cities are open or closed to new registrations. According to the last available list, 62 provinces in Türkiye were listed as open/closed cities for the referral of international protection applicants[35] However, they are mostly closed to international protection applications.[36]
- Agreement between the European Commission and the Government of Türkiye to support the most vulnerable refugees. The European Commission and the Government of Türkiye signed a €781 million contract to fund a social safety net for vulnerable refugees, marking the largest EU contract with Ankara to date[37]. This new Social Safety Net (SSN) contract extends the Emergency Social Safety Net program, the EU’s largest humanitarian initiative, launched in 2016. Over the next three years, the funding will support the basic needs of around two million refugees and benefit the local economy. This brings the total EU assistance to refugees and host communities in Türkiye to nearly €10 billion since 2011.
Detention
- Detention facilities: As of October 2023, there were 29 removal centres in 25 provinces with a total detention capacity of around 16,000 places, the building of 8 additional centres is planned[38]. İzmir (Harmandalı), Kırklareli, Gaziantep, Erzurum, Kayseri and Van (Kurubaş) were initially established as Reception and Accommodation Centres for applicants for international protection under EU funding, prior to being re-purposed as Removal Centres (see Types of Accommodation). The facility located in Iğdır is listed as temporary Removal Centres. The Bayburt Removal Centre with a capacity of 400 was opened on October 13, 2023. Following the earthquake disaster on February 6, 2023, the Hatay removal centre with a capacity of 190 was closed and remains close, and the Malatya temporary removal centre with a capacity of 2,100 was converted into a temporary shelter for earthquake victims.[39]
- Increasing number of transfers: The number of transfers between the centres increased significantly in 2023. Uninformed, sudden transfers are happening form one centre to another centre in different cities. This practice is problematic and potentially in violation of the right to legal representation, as lawyers are unable to locate their clients. Since the PDMM does not share information on where the person is being held, lawyers must proactively search for their clients in each removal centres, which may take to a couple of days.
Content of international protection
- Increasing anti-migrant sentiment. Since 2022, there has been a noticeable rise in anti-migrant sentiment, with increased discussions during the election campaign in 2023 General Election focusing on issues such as voluntary return[40], unwanted immigrants[41], and border protection[42]. During the election periods in Türkiye, as well as in the policies implemented after the May 2023 elections, anti-migrant sentiment created challenges for migrant and refugee communities to force them to be more invisible and leading to instances of social tension. The deepening economic crisis, along with the political discourse or criminalisation of migration, utilised by some especially by the newly established anti-immigrant political party, have led to the strengthening of anti-immigrant sentiment. The earthquakes in February 2023 further fuelled anti-immigrant sentiments. Studies show that the portrayal of refugees and migrants in media reporting often includes biased and discriminatory narratives, which contribute to the spread of disinformation in numerous ways[43].
- Policy changes in the issuing of Due to a policy change in 2023 regarding the issuing of residence permits, a number of short-term residence permits applications were denied[44] causing difficulties in accessing to the international protection application. Applicants whose requests for residence permits were denied continued to reside in Türkiye despite the illegality of their stay, as submitting a lawsuit has no suspensive effect. Migrants from Africa who held residence permit previously face difficulties to renew their permits, consequently they found themselves as undocumented migrants who cannot access basic rights and services due to the fear of deportation[45].
- Resettlement: UNHCR expedited resettlement processing of the most vulnerable refugees particularly unaccompanied children and women at risk in earthquake-affected locations. More than 16,800 resettlement submissions were made in 2023, 94 percent of which were from the earthquake region[46] As of June 2024, 66,876 Syrians had been resettled (since 2016) to the EU, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, UK, Switzerland, and Norway.[47] Implementation of the ‘one-for-one’ resettlement scheme continued. Between April 2016 and February 2023, 37,397 Syrian refugees were resettled from Türkiye to the EU[48].
Temporary protection
- Detention of Syrian nationals: Following a policy change in 2022, Syrians who enter the country are transferred to temporary accommodation centres in Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Kilis, and Malatya. Admission to the temporary accommodation centre is at the discretion PDMM and if rejected from accessing the camp, the only alternative for Syrians is to “voluntarily return” to Syria. Hence, the camps have become a new form of detention facility for Syrians who are either not registered under the temporary protection regime or have had their temporary protection status revoked. Individuals detained in the temporary accommodation centres often face indefinite detention, unlike those in regular detention centres, which have a maximum detention period of up to 12 months. Immigration lawyers believe that the indefinite detention in these centres aims to hinder Syrians from appealing deportation decisions or to coerce them into signing voluntary return forms[49]. It is claimed that majority of Syrians who stay in Kilis and Nizip temporary accommodation centres are returned back to Syria and there are concerns among stakeholders about the voluntariness of these returns[50].
- Registration continues to be one of the main issues faced by applicants. This has resulted in a decrease in the registered number of beneficiaries of temporary protection from 3,535,898 in 2022 to 3,214,780 in 2023. The reasons for the decreasing number of temporary protection beneficiaries might be the individual exits, return, changes in their status (to different residence permits or gaining citizenship) and resettlement[51], although the lack of publicly available information makes the reasons difficult to determine.
Content of temporary protection
- Increased EU funding: For 2023 and 2024, the EU has pledged over 2 billion EUR in support for Syrian refugees and their host communities. It was stressed that the EU would continue to collaborate with Turkiye to ensure the delivery of cross-border aid to Syria. As part of the MFF mid-term review package, the European Council on 1 February 2024 agreed to increase by 1.5 billion EUR the Solidarity and Emergency Aid Reserve for the period 2024-2027[52].
- Increasing numbers of apprehensions of temporary protection beneficiaries: By the end of 2023 around 58,621 Syrians accounted of the total number of 254,008 apprehensions across the country. The number increased in 2023, more than doubled comparing to 2021.[53]
- 1:1 Resettlement scheme: The EU-Türkiye statement of 18 March 2016 established a specific resettlement procedure (“1:1 scheme”), under which one Syrian national would be resettled from Türkiye to the EU Member States for each Syrian national returned from Greece to Türkiye, taking into account the UN vulnerability criteria. As of December 2023, there are 39,647 persons have been resettled under this “1:1 scheme”, with primary resettlement destinations being Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Sweden[54].
- Reception: As of December 2023, nine large-scale camps are accommodating a total of 63,881 temporary protection beneficiaries, spread across five provinces in Southern Türkiye (Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Adana, Malatya, and Osmaniye) in the larger Syria border region.[55] In two months after the earthquake, the number of Syrians residing in the temporary accommodation centres increased from 47,467 to 63,730[56]. After the earthquake, these camps were opened to Turkish citizens as well, as they could provide essential facilities such as shelter, heating, showers, toilets, and infirmaries. For instance, in the temporary accommodation centre in Kahramanmaraş, where 10,000 Syrians holding Temporary Protection Identification Cards resided before the earthquake, it was reported that the camp’s population, including Turkish citizens, increased to 16,500 for a period.
[1] PMM, Temporary Protection Statistics, available here.
[2] UNHCR Türkiye Factsheet April 2024, available here.
[3] UNHCR, Ukraine Refugee Situation, available here.
[4] SBB, 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu, available here.
[5] AA, 2023. “Bakan Soylu: 11 Bölgede 57 Bin Enkazın 50 Bini Bitti.” 22 April 2023, available here & Information provided by a stakeholder, April 2024.
[6] Sert, Danis, and Sevinin, 2023, GAR Göç ve Deprem – Durum Tespit Raporu, available here.
[7] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[8] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[9] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[10] CNN, 2024, İçişleri Bakanı Ali Yerlikaya, önemli bütün çalışmaları CNN TÜRK’te anlattı-TarafsızBölge 28.02.2024.
[11] AA, Düzensiz göç, kaynak ülkelerde ve sınırlarda önlenecek, 17 October 2023, available here.
[12] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[13] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[14] AA, 20.05.2024, Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Suriyeli mültecilerin ülkelerine dönmesini sağlayacağız, available here.
[15] BBC News, 06.09.2022, İYİ Parti “Milli Göç Doktrini”ni açıkladı, Akşener tarih verdi, available here.
[16] Euronews, 14.03.2024. ‘Kılıçdaroğlu: Suriyeli ve Afganları göndereceğiz, demografik yapının değişmesini istemiyoruz’, available here.
[17] Heinrich Böll Stiftung Thessaloniki & Media and Migration Association, Media Representation of Refugees and Migrants in Turkey, available here & Medya ve Göç Derneğiç 2023 Nefret Döngüsü Gündem Izleme Serisi, available here.
[18] PMM, December 2023, İçişleri Bakanı Ali Yerlikaya: “Düzensiz Göçmenlere ve Göçmen Kaçakçılığı Organizatörlerine Asla Geçit Vermiyoruz”, available here.
[19] Ibid.
[20] T.C Içişleri Bakanliğı, Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı’nda “Sınır Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü” Kuruldu, 21.11.2023, available here.
[21] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[22] PMM, “İstanbul’da 39 İlçenin Yabancıların İkamet İzinlerine Kapatıldığı” İddialarına İlişkin Basın Açıklaması, 16 July 2023, available here.
[23] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[24] AK PARTİ | Bakanımız Soylu “Gönüllü, Güvenli, Onurlu Geri Dönüş Projesi Temel Atma Töreni”nde konuştu 24-05-2023, available here.
[25] IHA, 16.02.2024, İçişleri Bakanı Yerlikaya: “Huzurumuzu bozanları 112’yi arayarak ihbar edin”, available here
[26] PMM, ‘Yılbaşından Bugüne 72.578 Kaçak Göçmen Sınır Dışı Edildi’, 23 August 2022, available in Turkish here
[27] TRT Haber, 13.03.2023, Sınır dışı edilen düzensiz göçmen sayısı 21 bin 211’e ulaştı – Son Dakika Haberleri, available here.
[28] Bakan Yerlikaya: 42 bin 875 düzensiz göçmen sınır dışı edildi – Son Dakika Haberleri (trthaber.com), available here, 27 September 2023.
[29] İçişleri Bakanı Ali Yerlikaya: “Düzensiz Göçmenlere ve Göçmen Kaçakçılığı Organizatörlerine Asla Geçit Vermiyoruz”, available here.
[30] Düzensiz Göçmenlerin Tespitini Kolaylaştıran ve Hızlandıran Mobil Göç Noktası Araçlarının Sayısı 162’ye Çıktı, available here.
[31] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[32] Düzensiz Göçmenlerin Tespitini Kolaylaştıran ve Hızlandıran Mobil Göç Noktası Araçlarının Sayısı 162’ye Çıktı, available here.
[33] T.C. Istanbul 15. Idare Mahkemesi, Esas No : 2022/1043, KARAR NO : 2023/3169.
[34] T.C. Erzurum, 1. Idare Mahkemesi, Esas No : 2023/Karar No : 2023/1633.
[35] For the earlier list of cities as of August 2017, see Refugee Rights Türkiye, Avukatlar için mülteci hukuku el kitabı, August 2017, available in Turkish here, 409.
[36] Information provided by a stakeholder, June 2023.
[37] EU signs a €781 million agreement with Türkiye to continue support to most vulnerable refugees, September 2023, here
[38] European Migration Law Blog, 17.01.2024, The EU support for alternatives to immigration detention in Türkiye: a curious case at odds with EU’s external migration policy, available here
[39] PMM, Faaliyet Raporu 2023, available here
[40] AA, 20.05.2024, Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Suriyeli mültecilerin ülkelerine dönmesini sağlayacağız, available here
[41] BBC News, 06.09.2022, İYİ Parti “Milli Göç Doktrini”ni açıkladı, Akşener tarih verdi, available here
[42] Euronews, 14.03.2024. ‘Kılıçdaroğlu: Suriyeli ve Afganları göndereceğiz, demografik yapının değişmesini istemiyoruz’, available here
[43] Heinrich Böll Stiftung Thessaloniki & Media and Migration Association, Media Representation of Refugees and Migrants in Turkey, available here & Medya ve Göç Derneğiç 2023 Nefret Döngüsü Gündem Izleme Serisi, available here
[44] Information provided by stakeholders, March – April 2024.
[45] Information provided by a stakeholder, March 2024.
[46] Bi-annual fact sheet, 2024, available here
[47] See PMM, Temporary protection, available here
[48] European Commission, Seventh Annual Report of the Facility for Refugees in Turkey, Brussels, 22.9.2023
[49] Global Detentıon Project, Türkiye: Submission to the Committee against Torture, 12 June 2024, available here
[50] Information provided by a stakeholder, March 2024.
[51] Information provided by a stakeholder, March 2024.
[52] Euroepan Commission, Commission signs €400 million agreement with Türkiye to support its recovery after the 2023 earthquakes, 07.02.2024, available here
[53] PMM, Irregular migration statistics, available here
[54] IOM, Migrants’ Presence Monitoring Situation Report, December 2023
[55] IOM Quarterly Report: Migrant Presence Monitoring Türkiye, Overview of the Situation with Migrants, 2023.
[56] Deprem Sonrası Göç ve İnsan Hareketlilikleri: Durum Değerlendirme Raporu AYBÜ-GPM Rapor Serisi Güncellenmiş 2. Baskı: 15 Nisan 2023.